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The 1918 Influenza A Pandemic
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
The influenza virus is transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets dispersed with sneezing or coughing by the infected individual. Symptoms of influenza can vary, but classic symptoms include headache, chills, fever, pain, sneezing, runny nose, and “nonproductive” cough, among others. However, not everyone with influenza viral infection will show these symptoms (Couch 1996; Krammer et al. 2018). The symptoms last from one to five days before the body can fight off the infection. Full recovery from influenza may take weeks even without major complications, resulting in reduced productivity in school for children and work for adults (Krammer et al. 2018).
Respiratory Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Influenza A or B can cause an acute respiratory illness in outbreaks or epidemics. The virus is present in respiratory secretions and is mainly spread by coughing and sneezing, although it can be picked up from contaminated surfaces. Incubation is usually 1–4 days.
Respiratory Diseases
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
The diagnosis of influenza is typically made clinically, however, laboratory confirmation is possible where testing is readily available. Typical symptoms of influenza include rapid onset of fever, cough, body aches, headache, malaise, sore throat, and runny nose. Front-line management ideally includes isolation to protect others from the spread of the virus; however, achieving this in households with many people or in communities with tight living quarters is quite challenging. Routine treatment is generally focused on symptom management and use of antiviral medication such as neuraminidase inhibitors, with corticosteroids used only when indicated for the management of concurrent diagnoses such as asthma and bronchitis. Although most individuals with influenza recover within approximately one week, conditions associated with fatal cases are often attributed to concurrent pneumonia and bronchitis, advanced age, or concurrent health conditions.8
The protective effect of 999 XiaoErGanMao granules on the lungs and intestines of influenza A virus-infected mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yuan-zhen Hao, Li-feng Cen, Ting Wang, Tong Yi, Xun-long Shi, Hui-juan Duan, Zhi Dai, Hai-yan Zhu, Jian-guo Tang
Influenza virus infection is an acute infectious respiratory disease that seriously threatens human health (Iuliano et al. 2018; Krammer et al. 2018). Influenza A virus (IAV) is a common cause of pediatric respiratory diseases (Kumar 2017). The lungs, intestines, spleens, and other organs of children are not fully developed and hence more vulnerable to the influenza virus, as per the consensus reached based on the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Past research has demonstrated that there have been 109.5 million influenza virus episodes in children under 5 years across the world in 2018 alone (Wang et al. 2020). Common symptoms after influenza infection include cough, fever, and headache, which are the same as those in adults (Fraaij and Heikkinen 2011; Ruf and Knuf 2014; Nayak et al. 2021; Watanabe et al. 2021). Influenza virus infection often causes viral pneumonia in the face of weak immune defense and excessive viral burden in children (Wang et al. 2020). Notably, in children, viral pneumonia is often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (Wang et al. 2003; Hien et al. 2004; Abdel-Ghafar et al. 2008), implying that IAV can indirectly induce an intestinal immune injury.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes in hospitalized adult influenza patients: an observational study from Norway 2014–2018
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Torgun Wæhre, Gro Tunheim, Johanna Eva Bodin, Ida Laake, Dag Kvale, Anne-Marte Bakken Kran, Hanne Brekke, Ragnhild Løken, Fredrik Oftung, Siri Mjaaland, Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise
Most of the patients in this study had increased risk of severe influenza disease, either due to their age or other predisposing conditions. We found that patients infected with influenza A(H3N2) were significantly older than patients with influenza B, who again were older than patients with influenza A(H1N1). This age distribution pattern has also been reported by others [9,10,26]. In studies comparing the age of hospitalized patients with either influenza A or influenza B, some reported no difference in age, while others found that patients with influenza B were younger than those with influenza A. [7,8,28]. It is not known why the elderly population seems to be more at risk for severe outcome from infection with influenza A(H3N2). Contributing factors may be the combined effects of ageing of the immune system, the A(H3N2) virus evolving more rapidly than the other sub(types) and immune imprinting of today’s elderly patients with A(H1N1) [29–32].
Efficacy and safety of baloxavir marboxil versus neuraminidase inhibitors in the treatment of influenza virus infection in high-risk and uncomplicated patients – a Bayesian network meta-analysis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Vanessa Taieb, Hidetoshi Ikeoka, Piotr Wojciechowski, Katarzyna Jablonska, Samuel Aballea, Mark Hill, Nobuo Hirotsu
Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, which occurs seasonally. It is a frequent cause of mild to severe illness, but it can also lead to death. The symptoms of influenza are often similar to those caused by other respiratory viruses circulating in temperate climates, including some or all of the following: fever or feeling feverish/chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue (tiredness)1. Therefore, epidemiologists often use the term “influenza-like illness” (ILI) to refer to them2. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines ILI as an acute respiratory infection with a measured fever of ≥38 °C and cough; with an onset within the last 10 days3; however, other definitions are also used in the literature.