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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Zalcitabine is used to treat HIV infection. The Antiretroviral Registry included 41 first trimester exposures to this drug (as a component of a polypharmacy regimen), and the frequency of birth defects was not increased in infants (Antiretroviral Registry, 2018). However, this sample is too small to exclude a possible risk of birth defects.
Zalcitabine
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
The synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside analog zalcitabine (2′,3′-dideoxycytidine, ddC) was the third antiretroviral agent to be approved in the USA and Europe for the treatment of HIV infection, marketed by Roche under the trade name of Hivid. On December 31, 2006, Roche withdrew zalcitabine from sale in the USA, because newer antiretroviral drugs, such as abacavir and tenofovir, were more effective, were less toxic, and had more favorable dosing schedules than zalcitabine. To the authors’ knowledge, zalcitabine is no longer used for the treatment of HIV infection anywhere in the world and was the first antiretroviral drug to be withdrawn from the market
Improved kth power expectile regression with nonignorable dropouts
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
In this section, the proposed method is applied to the ACTG 193A data. The study collected the CD4 counts in every 8 weeks, from 316 patients taken the daily regimen containing 600 mg of zidovudine plus 2.25 mg of zalcitabine. The data set can be obtained from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/fitzmaur/ala/cd4.txt. We consider the first four follow-up times, 8, 16, 24, 32, as four time points j = 1, 2, 3, 4, and use the CD4 counts in four time intervals, ith patient may have more than one measurement, so we choose the last record as j. In addition, we have two continuous covariates, follow up time and age. It is reasonable to treat the follow-up times as 5) with k when the kth ER estimators have the smallest SEs, and these estimates and their SEs are reported in Table 2.
Concurrence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in pregnancy
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Avir Sarkar, Minakshi Rohilla, Snigdha Kumari
Although, WHO has classified G6PD deficiency into five classes according to the severity of clinical features and enzyme activity, recently, it is being revised on the basis of specific mutations; not merely based on the individual enzymatic activity. The most common mutations are G6PD African, G6PD Mediterranean, G6PD Seattle and G6PD Union detectable by restriction enzyme analysis, after PCR amplification of the appropriate G6PD exon. Variants like G6PD Orissa and G6PD Mahidol are usually come across in the Indian population. The development of simple molecular methods of detection of specific mutations like PCR, direct sequencing, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis have made possible the population screening, family studies and a prenatal diagnosis (Arunachalam et al. 2020). Most common drugs implicated in triggering the G6PD deficiency are antimalarials (primaquine), sulfa drugs (sulfapyridine, sulfacetamide, sulfanilamide), non-sulfa antibiotics (nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin) and anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid, dapsone) (Chintapatla et al. 2012). ART containing zidovudine can cause anaemia while NRTIs like didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine and NNRTI like nevirapine may cause jaundice and hepatitis. The case 1 was taking ART comprising of tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz which are not known to cause anaemia and jaundice.
Combination therapies currently under investigation in phase I and phase II clinical trials for HIV-1
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2020
Hanh Thi Pham, Subin Yoo, Thibault Mesplède
Since the mid-1990s, the combination of antiretroviral drugs has become the standard of care for the treatment of HIV infection, significantly improving from the first FDA-approved combination of zalcitabine (ddC) with zidovudine (AZT). The genetic diversity of the HIV viral population develops rapidly during acute infection thanks to high viral yield, the rapid turnover of target cells, and the error-prone nature of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). As a result, single mutations of resistance are predicted to preexist treatment, which poses a risk of virological failure upon imperfect treatment adherence. When optimally adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can have a near-normal life expectancy [1]. Over 30 different antiviral compounds from 7 drug classes have been used in clinical settings for HIV-1 treatment.