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Insights into the Recent Scientific Evidences of Natural Therapeutic Treasures as Diuretic Agents
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Vaibhav Shende, Sameer Hedaoo, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
The diuretics play a crucial role with the management of dropsy and high blood pressure.13 This process operates the rise in negative water and substance balance.14 The proximal convoluted tube-shaped structure reabsorbs the fluid by both active and passive processes.15 The skinny descending loop of Henle permits the diffusion water abstraction is impermeable to the solutes and play pivotal role in reducing water absorption from the descendent limb in overall increased symptomatic condition (Fig. 4.1).16 The skinny ascending limb of loop of Henle is rubberized to water and extremely permeable to chloride and sodium diuretics which show no pronounced effects on that.17
Renal Pathophysiology
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Herman S. Fernando, Mohamed Yehia Abdallah, Iqbal S. Shergill
POD in UUO with intact contralateral kidney may be because GFR is atypically preserved in the setting of distal tubular damage such that the kidney filters a normal volume but there is limited free water reabsorption. Or this can occur when a pronounced aquaporin channel defect may be present, causing diminished free water absorption in this setting. The diuresis after relief of obstruction is a normal physiologic response to the volume expansion and solute accumulation occurring during obstruction, wherein sodium, urea, and free water are eliminated and the diuresis subsides after solute and fluid homeostasis is achieved. Pathological postobstructive diuresis occurs due to derangement of the medullary solute gradient and downregulation of sodium transporters with subsequent impaired sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the Henle loop resulting in inappropriate renal handling of water or solutes. Moreover, this can also occur because of poor responsiveness of the collecting duct to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) probably due to a downregulation of aquaporin water channels in this segment of the nephron and perhaps in the proximal tubule.
Introduction
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
All water absorption in the GI tract occurs via osmosis from the lumen of the intestines through epithelial cells and into blood capillaries. Because water can move across the intestinal mucosa in both directions, the absorption of water from the small intestine depends on the absorption of electrolytes and nutrients to maintain an osmotic balance with the blood. The absorbed electrolytes, monosaccharides, and amino acids establish a concentration gradient for water that promotes water absorption via osmosis. Table 1.2 summarizes the digestive activities of the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine.
Healthy Intestinal Function Relies on Coordinated Enteric Nervous System, Immune System, and Epithelium Responses
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Fatima B. Saldana-Morales, Dasom V. Kim, Ming-Ting Tsai, Gretchen E. Diehl
IECs have specialized functions. Enterocytes, the most common IECs, are responsible for nutrient and water absorption. Goblet cells secrete mucins, the glycoprotein constituent of mucus. Mucus creates a barrier limiting direct microbial interactions with the epithelium.13 Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin to support digestion and metabolism.14 Paneth cells are limited to the small intestine and release growth factors that promote proliferation and differentiation of stem cells and antimicrobial peptides that shape the composition of the microbiota and limit microbial growth near the epithelium.15 M cells overlay organized immune structures including Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles to transfer luminal antigens to underlying immune cells allowing for immune surveillance.16 M cells can also allow entry of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms into the tissue. Within the epithelium, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are also found. IELs are innate like T cells that can rapidly respond to pathogen infection and are critical to intestinal tolerance and epithelial barrier function.17
Heat-induced hypervolemia: Does the mode of acclimation matter and what are the implications for performance at Tokyo 2020?
Published in Temperature, 2020
Lorenz S. Kissling, Ashley P. Akerman, James D. Cotter
PVE occurs predominantly through stimulation of fluid conserving hormones and accruing albumin in the intravascular space. Principal fluid conserving hormones are the RAAS and ADH. The RAAS initiates with the release of renin, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to release angiotensinogen, which is converted to angiotensin I, and angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, that limits the renal loss of sodium, increases water absorption, promotes thirst [79,80], and stimulates aldosterone production [81]. Aldosterone limits the excretion of sodium and preserves the sodium/water balance, total sodium content, and retains water through changes in osmotic pressures [82]. ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream, inducing water retention through the kidneys, vasoconstriction of arterioles, and stimulating thirst [83,84].
Morphological and functional impairment in the gut in a partial body irradiation minipig model of GI-ARS
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Amandeep Kaur, Gabriëlla A.M. ten Have, Bernadette Hritzo, Nicolaas E.P. Deutz, Cara Olsen, Maria Moroni
Several total-body and partial-body irradiation models employing rodents and non-human primates have been developed for the GI-ARS (Driák et al. 2008; Kirsch et al. 2010; Booth et al. 2012; MacVittie et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2015; Booth et al. 2015; Verginadis et al. 2017). Minipigs and dogs have emerged as suitable additional large animal models for studying this syndrome (Elliot et al. 2014; Shim et al. 2014; Xu et al. 2014; Bujold et al. 2016; Measey et al. 2018a, 2018b). Minipigs provide unique advantages due to their small size, docile nature, and close similarity to humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, nutritional studies and drug metabolism (Heining and Ruysschaert 2016). Except for a spiral colon and an absence of an appendix, the stomach and small intestines of minipigs are analogous to those of humans; water absorption and protein and lipid metabolism are also similar (Litten-Brown et al. 2010).