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Naturally Occurring Alkaloids with Anti-HIV Activity
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
HIV spreads through parenteral, vertical or sexual transmission, and can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected people, such as blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal secretions. HIV can be transmitted from a mother to her child during pregnancy and delivery. Currently, more than 90% of all adolescent and adult HIV infections are a consequence of heterosexual intercourse. Three mechanisms of viral spread have been described. The first mechanism involves entry in which cell-free virions bind to host cells by receptor interactions. Second, an infected cell can directly infect another cell, without virion release; and third, dendritic cells (DCs) can capture viral particles by binding to C-type lectins, presenting the virus to surrounding lymphocytes in a cell environment known as a viral synapse. This last mechanism increases the efficiency of infection and prevents viral neutralization by antibodies or complements, and should therefore be considered as an important target to virucides (Bedoya et al., 2008, WHO, 2020).
Nanoparticle Synthesis and Administration Routes for Antiviral Uses
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
João Augusto Oshiro-Júnior, Kammila Martins Nicolau Costa, Isadora Frigieri, Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andréo
Considering the aim of this discussion, it’s helpful to first remember that the action against the virus can be done by using two mechanisms: virostatic and/or virucidal substances. A valid strategy in the use of nanoscale systems is the combination of both properties. Considering the nanoscale, a variety of systems have been used, and some of them are briefly described below.
Other reversible methods *
Published in John Guillebaud, Contraception Today, 2019
Nonoxinol-9 causes irritation or allergic reactions, which are much less frequent with the lactic acid-based products above. More seriously, when used by Nairobi prostitutes four times a day for 14 days, nonoxinol-9 released from pessaries caused erythema and colposcopic evidence of minor damage to the vaginal skin. It clearly should not be promoted as an anti-HIV virucide (see the systematic review by Wilkinson D et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:613–617). However, pending better alternatives, it remains good practice to continue to recommend nonoxinol-9 for normal contraceptive use (less frequently than four times a day!), but not with condoms.
Nanotechnology-based promising strategies for the management of COVID-19: current development and constraints
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mahendra Rai, Shital Bonde, Alka Yadav, Yulia Plekhanova, Anatoly Reshetilov, Indarchand Gupta, Patrycja Golińska, Raksha Pandit, Avinash P. Ingle
Balagna et al. [64] evaluated the antiviral effect of silver nanocluster/silica composite coating deposited on filtering facepiece-3 (FFP3) facial mask toward SARS-CoV-2. The silver nanocluster/silica composite coating was deposited by the co-sputtering process. Silver nanoparticles possess antiviral property, and hence can be impregnated in facial masks. The authors deposited silver nanocrystal/silica coating on disposable FFP3 masks. The radiofrequency co-sputtering process was used in a pure argon atmosphere. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was applied to observe the morphology and to detect the composition of the coating on the mask fibers. The study demonstrated that the silver nanocluster/silica coating deposited on the facial mask possesses virucidal activity. This antiviral coating is able to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 titer, and can be deposited in filtering media and on metallic, polymeric and glasses surfaces. Thus, silver nanocluster coating can provide safety in crowded areas such as hospitals, schools and supermarkets.
Povidone iodine for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Rebecca MT Dang, Kathleen Watt, Alex Hui
While results from in-vitro studies are variable, they suggest that PVP-I is effective against HAdv. Suspension studies which define virucidal activity as a reduction in the number of viruses in solution (viral titre) by more than 3 Log10 units (99.9%) have found that efficacy relies on exposure time, serotype, and concentration.29 Longer exposure times result in generally sustained or better efficacy of 0.4%, 2.0%, and 5% PVP-I against HAdv 3, 8, 19 and 37 (the most common serotypes in EKC and PCF).3 These results have also been replicated in other studies.30–32 HAdv 19 and 37 are more resistant to disinfection requiring longer exposure times (15 minutes for 0.4% and 2%, 60 minutes for 5%) compared to Hadv 3 and 8 (five minutes for all concentrations).
Ibuprofen-based advanced therapeutics: breaking the inflammatory link in cancer, neurodegeneration, and diseases
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Arun Upadhyay, Ayeman Amanullah, Vibhuti Joshi, Rohan Dhiman, Vijay Kumar Prajapati, Krishna Mohan Poluri, Amit Mishra
A large number of drugs have been added in this class that has later constituted a major treatment strategy for years to treat acute pain and fever generated due to heightened inflammatory responses in the body (Wongrakpanich et al. 2018). Detailed understanding of the prostaglandin synthesis pathways, cyclooxygenase enzyme isoforms, and their differential functions in multiple physiological conditions has tremendously increased the physiological applications of these drugs in recent years. In the past few decades, several studies have been conducted to explore the additional therapeutic benefits of these drugs that are associated with, but not limited to, arthritis, ductus arteriosus, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Recently, the antimicrobial efficacy of the drug is identified that may help suppress the microbial growth in cystic fibrosis lungs (Shah et al. 2018). Interestingly, the hypertonic ibuprofen formulations have also shown great bactericidal, virucidal, mucolytic potential, which in combination with its inherent anti-inflammatory properties may help in fighting the recently discovered enveloped coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) infections (García et al. 2020).