China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cell culture
Published in Maxine Lintern, Laboratory Skills for Science and Medicine, 2018
Anything that has been in contact with the cells or the medium that they were grown in must be disposed of in specific ways, determined by your lab’s health and safety policy. This usually involves a sterilisation step such as autoclaving or chemical treatments (e.g. Virkon), and is often followed by incineration.
Biological safety considerations
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Where HBV and HIV are the principal concerns, Virkon is usually the disinfectant of choice. It is deemed to be safer to humans than chlorine releasers as well as being a more effective viricide. Additionally the slight pink coloration means that the area covered is visible: hence one is less likely to miss areas when disinfecting large areas such as benches.
Infravec2 guidelines for the design and operation of containment level 2 and 3 insectaries in Europe
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Emilie Pondeville, Anna-Bella Failloux, Frederic Simard, Petr Volf, Andrea Crisanti, Roya Elaine Haghighat-Khah, Núria Busquets, Francesc Xavier Abad, Anthony J Wilson, Romeo Bellini, Sarah Marsh Arnaud, Alain Kohl, Eva Veronesi
If using metallic blood capsules, some disinfectants can be corrosive and damage capsules during longer period of soaking (e.g. more than 10 min in Virkon). In this case, capsules filled with infected blood can be sprayed with the disinfectant, then immersed in water in a lidded container for transport to autoclave, autoclaved and washed for reuse. Dissection tools should be surface disinfected before drying. Reusable materials that cannot be autoclaved, such as primary plastic containers and sample containers (e.g. tubes or tube boxes), can be immerged overnight or sprayed copiously with an inactivating agent before being removed from the CL2 infection insectary. Non-inactivated samples (e.g. mosquito tissues) can be transported in double containment to a CL2 laboratory for further processing and according to specific and local regulations.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation during COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a tertiary hospital in Madrid
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Paula Lázaro del Campo, Andrés Ramírez López, Beatriz de la Cruz Benito, Raquel de Paz Arias, Teresa de Soto Álvarez, Irene Sánchez Vadillo, Karem Humala Barbier, Eduardo García Pérez, Abel Dos Santos Ortas, Ana López de la Guía, Mercedes Gasior Kabat, Patricia Baltasar Tello, Victor Jiménez Yuste, Miguel Canales Albendea
Only patients with negative PCR test results were admitted, and visitors were not allowed to accompany them. Handwashing and disinfection of shoes with Virkon® was mandatory before entering the Hematology Unit. The door to the Unit remained closed and could only be opened with Hematology identification. The number of medical examinations carried out outside the Hematology Unit were kept to a minimum. Patients did not undergo PCR testing after they were admitted, unless they experienced respiratory symptoms or unexplained fever. They were encouraged to wear masks when a health care provider entered the room to minimize the possibility of transmission from asymptomatic carriers. No nosocomial infections were reported.
Factors determining phage stability/activity: challenges in practical phage application
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak, Norbert Łodej, Dominika Kula, Barbara Owczarek, Filip Orwat, Ryszard Międzybrodzki, Joanna Neuberg, Natalia Bagińska, Beata Weber-Dąbrowska, Andrzej Górski
Enveloped phages are thought to be sensitive to detergents, compared to non-enveloped ones. Scanlan et al. (2016) tested bacteriophage interaction with surfactant (bile salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) – an ingredient of cosmetics and hygiene products) on E. coli phages (T4, T7 and λ), and they found that these agents weakened phage bactericidal activity [82]. Also Sangeeta and Balasaheb (2016) observed that phages active against Salmonella Paratyphi B, viz. P. aeruginosa (φSPB, BVPaP-3) and K. pneumoniae (KPP) were sensitive to SDS and cetrimide, but surprisingly they retained 100% of their titer during 1 h incubation with Tween 80 [83]. Interestingly, Agun et al. (2018) evaluated the influence of chemical disinfectants on the phiIPLA-RODI phage (active against S. aureus) and recommended benzalkonium chloride to be applied to surfaces where phages would be located [84]. Fister et al. (2016) evaluated the influence of SDS, Lutensol AO 7, salt, smear water and temperature on the persistence of the P100 phage active against L. monocytogenes [85] and observed that the phage showed rapid reduction at pH 2 to an undetectable level (drop of 7–8 log10) even after 1 h, whereas after 6 h incubation it decreased below a detectable level. However, pH 4–10 did not cause significant changes in the tested phage titer. The phage did not show sensitivity to 5% Lutensol even after 1 day of incubation. However, 5% of SDS caused a decrease in titer by 1.2 log 10 after 24 h. Branston et al. (2013) reported that the commercially recommended concentration of Tego 2001 (aqueous solution of alkyl amino acetic acid, alkyl diazapentane, alkyl propylene diamine, alkyl alcohol ethoxylate) did not cause a loss of phage activity, whereas the effect of Solquest on E. coli M13 phage titer depended on temperature, and the concentration of viable phage particles was 0 even after 10 s at 70°C [86]. The most effective antiphage activity was shown by Virkon (pentasodium bis(peroxymonosulfate), bis(sulfate) – 1% solution of this disinfectant reduced the phage titer to an undetectable level after 1 min of application. Taking into account the above data, it should be highlighted that every single phage usually has a different sensitivity to organic solvents and it strongly depends on the pH of the environment.