China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Review of Chemosensation for Weight Loss
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Use of malodorous valeric acid as a form of assisted covert sensitization was described in a 27-year-old female “compulsive eater” (Maletzky 1973). In this approach, after relaxation training, the subject was told to imagine chocolate goodies she had just eaten, infested with lice and maggots. Coincident with this, the smell of valeric acid was released, inducing nausea and gagging. After ten sessions, she no longer ate chocolate, and, at seven months, continued weight loss was noted. While the exact weight loss remains unclear, this provides further suggestions of the role of chemosensation and weight loss.
Recent Reports on Ethnopharmacological and Ethnobotanical Studies of Valeriana carnosa Sm. (Valerianaceae)
Published in José L. Martinez, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Mahendra Rai, Ethnobotany, 2019
Soledad Molares, Ana H. Ladio, Nicolás Nagahama
For anxiolytic purposes, since ancestral times, extracts of rhizomes and roots of the Eurasian species V. officinalis L. have been used worldwide. Roots of V. officinalis are used for treatment of anxiety and mild sleep disorders. Studies indicate that flavonoids in this species have sedative activity in the central nervous system (Marder et al. 2003, Fernández et al. 2004, 2005, 2006, Lacher et al. 2007). Others authors suggests that biochemical composition and active constituents in Valeriana are valepotriates (Backlund and Moritz 1998), valeric acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (Hallam et al. 2003, Nam et al. 2013). Besides, pre-clinical studies reported the antidepressant-like activity of V. officinalis (Hattesohl et al. 2008), V. jatamansi Jones (Subhan et al. 2010, Sah et al. 2011), V. glechomifolia Mey. (Müller et al. 2012) and V. prionophylla (Holzmann et al. 2011).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
An oil in the subepidermal layers of the root contains acetic, formic and valeric acids, borneol, bornyl formate, bornyl acetate, bornyl butyrate, bornyl isovalerianate, camphene, pinene, and two alkaloids called chatinine and valerianine.16 The important active compounds are iridoid compounds called valepotriates (valtrate, valtrate isovaleroxyhydrin, acevaltrate, valechlorine, etc.), didrovaltrates (didrovaltrate, homodidrovaltrate, deoxydodidrovaltrate, homodeoxydodidrovaltrate, isovaleroxyhydroxydidrovaltrate, etc.), and isovaltrates (iso-valtrate, 7-epideacetylisovaltrate, etc.); valtrate and didrovaltrate are the major valepotriates. Also, contains valerosidatum (an iridoid ester glycoside) and a volatile oil (0.5 to 2%) containing, e.g., bornyl acetate and isovalerate (major compounds), caryophyllene, alpha-and beta-pinenes, valeranone, beta-ionone, eugenyl isovalerate, isoeugenyl isovalerate, patchouli alcohol, valerianol, borneol, camphene, beta-bisabolene, ledol, isovaleric acid, terpinolene, etc. Valerian also contains the alkaloids actinidine, valerianine, valerine, chatinine, etc. Other constituents include choline (circa 3%), methyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid; beta-sitosterol; tannins; gums; etc.29 One anonymous writer describes valeric acid as a very potent tranquilizer.51 Dry seeds contain 19.4 to 19.9% protein and 30.0 to 34.4% fat.21
Characterization of the intestinal microbiota during Citrobacter rodentium infection in a mouse model of infection-triggered Parkinson’s disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Tyler Cannon, Anshul Sinha, Louis-Eric Trudeau, Corinne F. Maurice, Samantha Gruenheid
To determine the levels of various SCFAs, we analyzed fecal samples from the WT and Pink1−/- mice before, during, and after infection with C. rodentium via gas chromatography (Microbiome Insights). Acetic acid levels were comparable between genotypes at all time points, but significantly decreased at the peak of infection and remained low post infection (Figure 4(a)). Propionic acid levels remained steady and comparable at all time points (Figure 4(b)). There was a trend for the level of isovaleric acid to decrease with infection, but it remained low and comparable between genotypes at all time points (Figure 4(c)). Notably, butyric acid levels significantly increased at the peak of infection selectively in Pink1−/- mice and remained high post infection (Figure 4(d)). Contrarily, isobutyric acid significantly increased with infection only in WT mice (Figure 4(e)). Valeric acid and hexanoic acid were below the limit of detection for all sample groups (data not shown).
Protective roles of intestinal microbiota derived short chain fatty acids in Alzheimer’s disease-type beta-amyloid neuropathological mechanisms
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Lap Ho, Kenjiro Ono, Mayumi Tsuji, Paolo Mazzola, Risham Singh, Giulio M. Pasinetti
The studies suggest that select bacterial species that support conversion of dietary fibers to short-chain fatty acids, which are relevant to neurodegenerative conditions.Our observation links gastrointestinal microbiota with mechanisms underlying AD-type Aβ neuropathological mechanisms.Our observations suggest the feasibility of developing valeric acid for treating AD.Misfolding of diverse proteins in multiple neurological disorders, such as Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease, tau in tauopathies, α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, all share common mechanistic features. Our observation supports the potential development of valeric acid for treating these diverse neurological disorders.Our observations support further investigations to identify and characterize gastrointestinal bacterial specie(s) that support the generation of valeric acid.Our observations also support further investigations to characterize select dietary fiber preparations that supports the generation of valeric acids.Information from the study will lead to the development of next-generation probiotics that might help promote resilience to diverse neurodegenerative disorders.
Alternative method to improve the ethyl valerate yield using an immobilised Burkholderia cepacia lipase
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Wellington Correa Moreira, Alfredo Luís Pereira Elias, Wislei Riuper Osório, Giovana Silva Padilha
When comparing the equimolar ratio of the acid/alcohol (1:1) with the molar ratio of 1:4, from 80% to 22.1% (using titration method), the ester yield has significantly decreased. Data obtained induce that a significant decreasing in the conversion yield is reached. This is probably due to the lipase denaturation by the valeric acid excess is prevalent. Consequently, the valeric acid has an inhibitor effect on the ethyl valerate synthesis, as also previously reported (Rodrigues et al. 2013).