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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
While recombinant DNA technology is proving to be a useful means for producing subunit vaccines such as those described previously in general these products produce immunity only equal to that of conventional inactivated vaccines. To obtain the type of immunity that results from the prolonged antigenic stimulation associated with infection, genetically modified microbes are being produced. The vaccinia virus is a popular agent for this work. Genes programming the production of the desired antigen are inserted into the virus. The modified virus is then used as the vaccine.
Suffering with two dissimilar diseases
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Empirical observation of benefit in a few cases and actual therapeutic benefit are two different aspects, as made clear by the following paragraph. “In the past vaccinia virus has also been occasionally used for the treatment of disease such as recurrent herpes simplex infection or warts. There is no evidence of therapeutic efficacy in these situations and the use of the virus for these purposes is strictly contraindicated” (Corey, 1983, p. 1120).
Inherited Defects in Immune Defenses Leading to Pulmonary Disease
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
Pure T-cell defects, such as the DiGeorge's syndrome, are so rare that the range of pathogens is unclear. However, conclusions have been reached as to the spectrum of abnormality in T-lymphocyte impairment by comparing individuals with combined immunodeficiency to those with defects in humeral immunity. In general, the major problems are associated with infections caused by low-grade facultative pathogens such as the tubercle bacillus, salmonella, BCG, brucella, L. monocytogenes, and certain intracellular viruses and fungi. Vaccination with the live vaccinia virus, which in healthy persons is inocuous, has led to disseminated vaccinia and vaccinia gangrenosum in patients with cellular immune defects [39]. Immunization with any live agent is contraindicated in persons with impaired cellular immunity.
Oncolytic virus therapy for malignant gliomas: entering the new era
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Hirotaka Fudaba, Hiroaki Wakimoto
HSV-1 is an enveloped double-stranded liner-DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. The HSV-1 genome is approximately 152 kb in size and encodes at least 80 open reading frames. Genetic modifications of the HSV-1 genome can eliminate toxicity to normal cells and enable the arming of various exogenous genes. Adenovirus is a non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the Adenoviridae family. The well-established biology of human adenovirus type 5 leads to generating oncolytic adenovirus after genetic manipulation and modification. Vaccinia virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus and belongs to the poxviridae family. H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV, ParvOryx) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus of the parvoviridae family whose natural host is the rat. Humans are not naturally infected and therefore lack neutralizing antibodies [7].
Reemergence of monkeypox: prevention and management
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sahaya Nadar, Tabassum Khan, Abdelwahab Omri
The CDC Drug Services provides the following vaccine recommendations for individuals placed in the high risk category by virtue of occupational exposure to this virus. A live, non-replicating vaccine, JYNNEOS is approved by the US FDA for the prevention of smallpox and monkeypox in adults (18 years and older) who were assessed to have a high risk of infection. The JYNNEOS vaccine is different from ACAM2000 and APSV as it is an attenuated live virus. Being in a replication-deficient form, it can be used toward certain immune deficiencies like AIDS or atopic dermatitis [75,76].The ACAM2000 is a live vaccine for active immunization against smallpox disease licensed by the US FDA for people who are at high risk of contracting smallpox. It is free from the variola virus, so they cannot cause smallpox but has the vaccinia virus belonging to the poxvirus family. There may be incidences of head and body aches, rash and fever owing to the presence of the vaccinia virus. Some groups of people, specifically those who are immunocompromised, are susceptible to severe complications caused by vaccinia [77,78].Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine (APSV)
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the prototype of family Poxviridae. It is a large, enveloped virus with linear, double stranded DNA genome that is closely related to variola virus (VARV), the causative pathogen of smallpox disease. VACV was employed as smallpox vaccine for the eradication of the disease. Several members of family Poxviridae, including VACV and VARV encode homologs of cellular EGF and TGFα (Smith 2008). Previous studies have revealed that treatment of EGFR inhibitors, gefitinib and 324674 blocked the uptake of the two distinct forms of VACV infectious particles, mature virion (MVs) and extracellular virions (EVs) into HeLa cells. This suggested that VACV utilises vaccinia growth factor (VGF) to stimulate EGFR and its downstream signalling cascade involving P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and actin dynamics to facilitate the macropinocytosis of virions (Figure 2(k)). However, CHO cells that lack of EGFR are susceptible to VACV infection, indicating EGFR mediates macropinocytosis of VACV in a cell-type-specific manner (Mercer et al. 2010; Schmidt et al. 2011).