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An Overview of Important Endemic Plants and Their Products in Iran
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Citrus bigaradia (Figure 7.14) (C. aurantium) is an evergreen tree growing up to 9 m by 6 m. The species is hermaphrodite. The plant is self-fertile. It is suitable to grow in medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. It is suitable to grow in the soil with acid and neutral pH and can grow in very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil. They are rich in vitamin C, flavonoids, acids, and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten, which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes pigmentation in the skin, though it can cause dermatitis or allergic responses in some people. Some of the plants more recent applications are as sources of antioxidants and chemical exfoliants in specialized cosmetics. The plants also contain umbelliferone, which is antifungal, as well as essential oils that are antifungal and antibacterial. Both the leaves and the flowers are anti-spasmodic, digestive, and sedative. The fruit is anti-emetic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, and expectorant. The immature fruit has a stronger action. They are used in the treatment of dyspepsia, constipation, abdominal distension, stuffy sensation in the chest, prolapse of the uterus, rectum, and stomach. The seed and the pericarp are used in the treatment of anorexia, chest pains, colds, coughs, etc. (Zargari, 2014; Mozaffarian, 1996, 2011; Plant for a Future; Suntar et al., 2018).
Functional Properties of Milk Yam (Ipomoea Digitata L.)
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
K. M. Vidya, N. S. Sonia, P. C. Jessykutty
Chromatographic techniques were used for estimating the amount of umbelliferone, another important phytoconstituent in the tuber. Percentage recovery of umbelliferone by HPLC and HPTLC were 97.90% and 98.90%, respectively [20]. Both HPLC and HPTLC have the same efficiency and sensitivity for determining umbelliferone from dried tuber powder. Umbelliferone is anti-coagulant and anti-HIV in action [62].
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Flowerheads contain an aromatic bitter principle (anthemic acid), regarded as a mild tonic, but may be emetic in large doses. In Latin America, “tea” made from Matricaria is taken as an after dinner beverage. Oil of camomile is used in cordials, perfumes, and shampoos. Both negative and positive bactericidal tests are reported on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus8 Azulene has an antiphlogistic action.3 Chamillin is said to be the spasmolytic agent, perhaps the same as apigenine.3 The oil has candicidal properties as well.29 Chamazulen is said to possess anodyne, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and vulnerary properties. Alpha-bisabolol has antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antipeptic activities. Some of the cylic ethers in chamomile are antian-aphylactic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic. Umbelliferone is fungistatic. Camomile tea itself is hypnotic.2933 Extracts are used in bath preparations, hair dyes, mouth washes, shampoos, and sunburn preparations. Oils are used to impart fragrance to creams, detergents, lotions, perfumes, and soaps, and as a flavoring in beverages, baked goods, candies, frozen dairy desserts, gelatins, liqueurs (benedictine, bitters, vermouths), and pudding, with average food use usually below 0.002%.29
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-arylcoumarin derivatives as potential anti-diabetic agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Yuheng Hu, Bing Wang, Jie Yang, Teng Liu, Jie Sun, Xiaojing Wang
Umbelliferone (UMB), a derivative of coumarin, is a benzopyrone in nature, and it is present in the fruits of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium)25. It has been reported that UMB has a certain hypoglycemic activity26. Coumarin may be a prodrug, and 7-hydroxycoumarin is the pharmacologically active agent27. UMB is derivatised as 3-arylcoumarin and 4-arylcoumarin (Scheme 1). Here we focus on the synthesis of 3-arylcoumarin and its pharmacological activity. This work has designed and synthesised a series of compounds, and carried out a series of active screening around the research of anti-diabetes.
The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the dichloromethane extracts and constituents of Ferulago bracteata roots
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Songül Karakaya, Sefa Gözcü, Zühal Güvenalp, Hilal Özbek, Hafize Yuca, Benan Dursunoğlu, Cavit Kazaz, Ceyda Sibel Kılıç
Our results are similar to the previous studies performed on related coumarins. Shalaby et al. (2014) found that imperatorin (at 1000 µg/mL α-glucosidase inhibition% was found to be 69.66 ± 3.67 and we found an inhibition of 88.97 ± 0.88% at a concentration of 5000 µg/mL) showed appreciable antidiabetic activity. Comparing these results with previous studies in which α-glucosidase IC50 value of umbelliferone was found to be 7.79 ± 0.11 μg/mL, we have found a higher inhibitory activity with 9.32 mg/mL (Ramith et al. 2014). Comparing these results with a previous study in which α-glucosidase IC50 value of umbelliferone was 0.547 mg/mL at 0.5 mg/mL, the inhibitory activity that we found was higher (Ayyasamy & Rajamanickam 2015). Luo et al. (2012) reported that α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of bergapten, xanthotoxin, and imperatorin has been too low to compare to that of acarbose. In our study, it was determined that bergapten and xanthotoxin showed similar effects, however, imperatorin was more effective than acarbose. In spite of the advances in biomedical science and the introduction of new treatment ways, diabetes mellitus has been a major cause of end-stage renal disease, new-onset blindness, and cardiovascular diseases, all of which cause excess mortality and morbidity in people with diabetes (Islam et al. 2013). Medical herbs are generally rich in phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, lignans, coumarins, and lignins (Celik et al. 2013). One of the therapeutic approach for treating diabetes is to reduce the postprandial hyperglycemia and this is made by delaying the absorption of glucose via the inhibition of the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme α-glucosidase in the digestive tract. Inhibitors of intestinal α-glucosidase have been utilized in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and represented at the large ratio of antidiabetic drug market (Yin et al. 2008). The tested extracts and isolated compounds are rich in phenolic compounds, as well as in coumarins, which may contribute to its in vitro antidiabetic effect. In addition, this study suggests that the glucose-lowering effect of these plants can be due, at least in part, to the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Also, investigations are warranted to define the active principles and elucidate other possible mechanism(s) of action. Natural products are still considered as potential sources for drug exploration and play a significant role in drug development programs. Furthermore, many medicinal plants could be rich sources of bioactive chemicals that are importantly free from undesired adverse effects and show powerful pharmacological activities.