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Hypothalamic Control Centers
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Experience with primates is instructive. Marmosets given trimethyltin chloride by gravage showed ataxia, aggression, whole body tremors, fits, and prostration before death.365 High tin concentrations were noted in the brainstem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. A similar neuropathology is seen in rats.370 Rey et al. reported on organotin intoxication of six men accidentally exposed to dimethyltin dichloride and trimethyltin chloride in an industrial setting.374 After a 3-day latent period, the following symptoms were noted: headache, tinnitus, deafness, impaired memory, disorientation, aggressiveness, psychotic behavior, syncope, loss of consciousness, and respiratory distress (in the more serious cases). Urine tin was measured at 0.5 to 1.6 ppm. No tin was detectable in the plasma. The patient with the highest exposure level succumbed. Upon autopsy the amygdala was lesioned. The survivors experienced memory loss for 6 months or longer.
The Toxicology and Biological Properties of Organotin Compounds*
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Although differences in the symptoms seen in rats after administration of trimethyltin and triethyltin have been known for many years,62,75 the morphological correlate of the toxicity of trimethyltin was not discovered until 1979.35 The LD50 to rats is 12 to 13 mg trimethyltin chloride per kilogram, and the signs of poisoning include tremors, hyperexcitability, aggressive behavior, weight loss, and convulsions. Electroencephalographic changes have been detected.47 After single or repeated smaller doses bilateral and symmetrical neuronal alterations in the hippocampus are seen with fewer changes in the pyriform cortex, amygdaloid nucleus, and neocortex. In surviving rats, signs of poisoning gradually disappeared and the animals appeared normal, although their brains were severely damaged with cell loss in the hippocampi and each pyriform cortex. This initial paper reporting the findings has been followed by a flood of papers78 which confirm these findings79–82,87 and study the consequences, particularly behavioral,45,78 of this selective cell loss in the central nervous system. The morphological changes occur in many species49,83 and it appears that man is also a sensitive species.35,84–86
Chronic exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation improves cognition and synaptic plasticity impairment in vascular dementia model
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Mahnaz Bayat, Narges Karimi, Mohammad Karami, Afshin Borhani Haghighi, Kamjoo Bayat, Somayeh Akbari, Masoud Haghani
Although controversy continues on the precise effects of the EMF on human health and well-being in many ways, there is widespread belief that exposure to EMF has negative effects. However, the therapeutic effects of extremely low frequency EMF (3 Hz–3 kHz) in different kinds of disease have been previously investigated and several studies have confirmed the neuroprotective effects of ELF-EMF in rat models of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer disease, hippocampal injury with trimethyltin chloride, and spinal cord injury [11–13]. Additionally, Cichon et al. have recently reported the beneficial effects of ELF-EMF on post stroke rehabilitation in human [14–16]. Additionally, it has been suggested that the low intensity EHF-EMF has the biological effects in nerve cells [17] and therapeutic outcome in the neurological disorders [18, 19, ]
Neuroprotective effect of clavulanic acid on trimethyltin (TMT)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Samaneh Silakhori, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, Fatemeh Shaebani Behbahani, Soghra Mehri
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin compound that has been used widely in agriculture and industry (Wang et al.2008). This compound specifically is used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and silicone productions, such as food packages, kitchen utensils and fungicides. Therefore, it can be found in drinking water supplies, domestic water systems, marine environments and aquatic specimens (Chen et al.2011). Since TMT is soluble in water and oil, it can cross cellular membranes and easily pass from the blood–brain barrier. Also, the volatility of TMT is a very important factor that causes occupational exposure following inhalation of accidental spills (Kane 1996).
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract may prevent the deterioration of spatial memory and the deficit of estimated total number of hippocampal pyramidal cells of trimethyltin-exposed rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Sapto Yuliani, Ginus Partadiredja
Turmeric rhizome powder was purchased from CV. Merapi Farma, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The botanical origin of the turmeric was identified and authenticated by Mr. Heri Setiyawan, a field botanist from the Faculty of Biology, University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Trimethyltin chloride and curcumin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Citicoline was purchased from Bernofarm Pharmaceutical Company, Indonesia. The analytical grade methanol and chloroform were purchased from Merck, Germany.