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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chlorpyrifos and coumaphos are both OP insecticides; chlorpyrifos is used on both crops and livestock, but coumaphos is used exclusively on animals. Carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, is used on crops. Pendimethalin and trifluralin are herbicides used on annual grasses and broadleaf weeds among crops, and metalazyl is a fungicide used on crops and in soil treatment for disease control. The acute toxicities of these pesticides vary from slightly toxic (pendimethalin) to highly toxic (coumaphos and carbofuran).1167 Chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, and carbofuran all inhibit AChE to varying degrees.1167 Thus, it is unlikely that the observations for these six chemicals could result from some common use pattern or toxicity. Although the findings for these unrelated pesticides make it difficult to speculate on a potential mechanism, the results do suggest that pesticide exposures that do not result in poisonings may be a risk factor for MI in women.
The Paradox of Herbicide 2,4-D Epidemiology
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Gregory G. Bond, Ralph R. Cook
The newer studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding a possible association between phenoxy herbicides and an increased risk of NHL.47,49,51-53 Hoar and colleagues reported a statistically significant sixfold risk of NHL related to the frequent use (i.e., >20 days/year) of herbicides by Kansas farmers.47 Most farmers reported the use of chemicals in several of the herbicide subgroups, and statistically significant associations were reported for having ever used the phenoxyacetic acids, triazines, amides, trifluralin, and nonspecified herbicides. Data relating to the frequency and duration of use of specific herbicide types were not collected; therefore, dose-response relationships with 2,4-D or other phenoxy herbicides could not be rigorously explored. However, because 2,4-D was the herbicide reported most often, the authors focused their discussion on it.
Evaluation of hazards of electronic -cigarette’s liquid refill on testes of mice, complemented by histopathological and chromatographic analysis
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Raghda Elsherif, Nora Z. Abdellah, Ola A. Hussein, Eman S. Shaltout
The present results revealed the presence of Phenol-d5, 5-(2 propenyl)-2(5 H)-Thiophenone, and 4,5-Dimethyl-2-hydroxy benzophenone in the analyzed e-liquid. In agreement with the present results, phenols were reported to be present in nine of the 21 samples tested e-liquid samples. It is well known that phenols can be made by heating polyphenols found in tobacco plants.24,25 In addition to nicotine, phenol, vanillin, and aldehydes, the analyzed e-liquid in the present study was shown to contain a pyrethroid insecticide (Lambda-cyhalothrin). It was previously reported that cigarettes made from flue-cured tobacco contain varying quantities of pyrethroids.26 Beauval and Antherieu27 tested e-liquid samples for 50 different pesticides. Only the organophosphate “chlorpyrifos ethyl” and the herbicide “trifluralin” were detected in some samples.
Detection of anti-androgenic activity of chemicals in fish studies: a data review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Grace H. Panter, Rebecca J. Brown, Alan Jones, Oliver Körner, Laurent Lagadic, Lennart Weltje
Twenty-eight of the 52 substances in the EDSP database were considered to have findings potentially relevant to changes in the androgen pathway, including anti-androgenic effects (see SI Table 7.1 for the full summary of the findings). Based on the AR Bioactivity Model score, nine substances were considered to have anti-androgenic activity, although this was inconclusive for four substances (bifenthrin, MGK 264, tetrachlorovinphos and trifluralin) and propargite was both positive for anti-androgenic and anti-estrogenic activity, although the latter was inconclusive (SI Table 7.1).