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Identification of Botanical and Geographical Origins of Honey-Based on Polyphenols
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Zsanett Bodor, Csilla Benedek, Zoltan Kovacs, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu
Honey contains about 6 mgkg-1 of flavonoids, and this value is higher in pollen (0.5%) and even higher in propolis (up to 10%) [6]. Flavonoids are present mainly in the aglycone form in both propolis and honey, and have been identified as flavanones, flavonones, and flavanols. The flavonoid family is characterized by the generic presence of an 1-, 2- or 3-phenyl-1,4-benzopy-rone. They are further classified in number of subfamilies, depending on the oxidation state of the carbon atoms and the substitution of the benzopyrone ring [22]. Variety of polyphenols in different honey sources were compiled and suggested as markers of origin by Gasic et al. [32]. Many other authors also suggest selected phenolics as useful indicators of honeys of different origins. Potential marker compounds in the literature are shown in Table 5.1 in bold and italics. Important flavonoid compounds identified in honey along with their botanical sources are indicated in Table 5.1. Common flavonoid components (such as: quercetin, pinocembrin, pinobanskin, crhysin, kaemp-ferol, and apigenin) are present in different types of honeys. On the other hand, some flavonoids like naringenin and hesperetin are specific and were mainly detected in well-defined honey types (e.g., citrus). Some components like tricetin, acacetin, ellagic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were reported only in few cases.
Artemisia annua and Its Bioactive Compounds as Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Published in Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem, M. Masroor, A. Khan, Artemisia annua, 2017
Bianca Ivanescu, Andreia Corciova
Greenham et al. (2003) combined chromatography with spectroscopy in order to identify the lipophilic flavones and flavonols. Thus, reverse phase HPLC/DAD was used, at 25° C, with a gradient elution formed of mobile phase A acetic acid:water (1:50) and mobile phase B methanol:acetic acid:water (18:1:1), starting at 2:3 (A:B) and changing to 0:100 in 20 minutes. Spectroscopic characterization was performed by measuring the absorbance in the first version at 365 nm, in the second version at 365 nm after treatment with ammonia vapors and in the third version after treatment with natural product reagent A. Also, UV spectra were recorded in methanol, or by treatment with various reagents such as sodium acetate, boric acid, aluminum chloride, aluminum chloride/hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide. By using these methods several flavones and derivatives were identified, like methyl ethers, 5-deoxyflavones, 5-deoxyflavonols, 5-methoxyflavones, 6 and 8-hydroxyluteolin, and some derivatives of 6,8-dihydroxyapigenin and 6,8-dihydroxyluteolin. We noted the following compounds: apigenin, luteolin, tricetin, acacetin, chrysoeriol, cirsilineol, eupatorin, and chrysin.
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Water Fennel” “Water Hemlock”ANDROL FR GEOAPIOLE FR HHBCAMPHENE FR GEOEO 10,000–25,000 FR HHBFAT 200,000 FR HHBGALACTOSE FR HHB4-ISOPROPYL-2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-OL? FR GEO4-ISOPROPYL-2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-ONE FR GEOMANNOSE FR HHBMYRICETIN PL 411/MYRISTICIN FR HHBN-1-NONEN-3-OL FR GEON-2-NONEN-1-OL? FR GEOOENANTHETOXIN PL 411/TRANS-PENTADECA-7,13-DIENE-9,11-DIYN-1-OL PL JSGPHELLANDRAL FR GEOBETA-PHELLANDRENE 8,000–20,000 FR GEO HHBPINENE? FR GEORESIN 40,000 FR HHBRHAMNETIN PL 411/SABINENE? FR GEOTRICETIN PL 411/N-4-UNDECEN-3-OL? FR GEOWAX 20,000–30,000 FR HHB
Insights into the intestinal bacterial metabolism of flavonoids and the bioactivities of their microbe-derived ring cleavage metabolites
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Xinchi Feng, Yang Li, Mahmood Brobbey Oppong, Feng Qiu
Interestingly, it has been found that not all the flavonoids can undergo the C-ring fission metabolism easily. Only flavonoids possessing both 5 and 4’ free hydroxyl groups were capable of undergoing such extensive cleavage metabolism (Griffiths and Smith 1972a, 1972b). In the studies conducted by Griffiths et al., both in vivo and in vitro metabolism of apigenin, chrysin, tectochrysin, acacetin, 4’,7-dihydroxyflavone, myricetin, tricetin, kaempferol, 5-methoxyquercetin, and robinetin were investigated after oral administration and by using cultures of microorganisms derived from the intestine of the rats (Griffiths and Smith 1972b, 1972a). The phenolic metabolites were purified by paper chromatography or TLC and determined colorimetrically by using diazotized p-nitroaniline (Griffiths and Smith 1972a, 1972b). After the oral administration of apigenin (with both 5 and 4’ hydroxyl groups), a large amount of hydroxyphenylpropionic acids were detected. No hydroxyphenylpropionic acids were detected after oral administration of chrysin, tectochrysin, and 4’,7-dihydroxyflavone, which possess only 5- or 4’-hydroxyl groups (Griffiths and Smith 1972a; Labib et al. 2004). These results indicated that free hydroxyl groups play a significant role in the fission metabolism.
Emerging strategies in nanotechnology to treat respiratory tract infections: realizing current trends for future clinical perspectives
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Minhua Chen, Zhangxuan Shou, Xue Jin, Yingjun Chen
AuNPs are widely used in biochemical and pharmacological research owing to their chemically inert character, ease of penetration, the possibility of being functionalized with different molecules, biocompatibility, controlled release, low toxicity, and higher stability among metallic nanoparticles (de Menezes et al., 2021; Dykman & Khlebtsov, 2012; Y. Zhang et al., 2015). Targeted molecular imaging (Lan et al., 2013), biosensing (Kao et al., 2013), and targeted drug delivery (Hema et al., 2018) can also be achieved through AuNPs. AuNPs are highly explored and used as therapeutic agents against microbial infections (F. Khan et al., 2019; Rajkumari et al., 2017; Rice et al., 2019). Recently, Alsamhary et al., used tricetin to synthesize AuNPs to evaluate the in-vitro antibacterial efficacy against bacterial pathogens which were isolated from immunocompromised patients suffering from respiratory infections. The antibacterial studies confirmed the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of AuNPs against S. aureus, Acinetobacter pittii, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aeromonas enteropelogenes, and Escherichia fergusonii. The in-vitro cytotoxicity results revealed that biosynthesized AuNPs were biocompatible on primary normal human dermal fibroblast cells up to 50 µg/mL (Alsamhary et al., 2020). In another study, folic acid-decorated docetaxel-loaded AuNPs were synthesized to evaluate anti-cancer activities by in-vitro studies against lung cancer cell lines (H520). The cytotoxicity analysis revealed a 50% reduction in cell viability in comparison with control due to the combined effect of AuNPs-based nanoconjugates (Thambiraj et al., 2019). Water-soluble and highly stable chitosan oligosaccharide capped gold nanoparticles formulation (COS-AuNPs) was designed to inhibit the phenotypic traits (biofilm formation, virulence factors production), and motility of P. aeruginosa. COS-AuNPs inhibited the formation of biofilm and eradicated the preexisted mature biofilm. COS-AuNPs also hindered the bacterial hemolysis and reduced the production of some virulence factors from P. aeruginosa. Attenuation of bacterial swimming and twitching motilities were observed during the treatment of COS-AuNPs. However, an efficacy test using an animal model is required that will confirm that COS-AuNPs can be used as a potential agent to control the infections associated with P. aeruginosa (F. Khan et al., 2019). Thus, AuNPs-based nanoconjugates can be considered an alternative and promising carrier for the treatment of respiratory infections.