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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The principal disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose. Sucrose is composed of one molecule each of glucose and fructose, while lactose is a combination of glucose and galactose. Sucrose is found widely in fruits, berries and vegetables, and can be extracted from sugar cane or beet sugar for human consumption. Lactose is the main sugar in milk. Maltose is the less abundant of disaccharides; formed by two glucose units, and derived from starch, it occurs in sprouted wheat and barley. Trehalose or mycose, a disaccharide also formed by two glucose units, is found in yeast, mushrooms, bread and honey (8).
Equine Semen Preservation: Current and Future Trends
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Lydia Gil Huerta, Cristina Álvarez, Victoria Luño Lázaro
Several factors influence the lyophilization process and produce different sperm damage. One of them is the drying conditions during the lyophilization process (Hara et al., 2014). The interaction between temperature, vacuum pressure, and drying period regulates the kinetics and the degree of dehydration, which have a great impact on the sperm (Kawase et al., 2007). Lyophilized sperm preservation for a long period of time is essential to protect DNA from physical damage caused by the action of endogenous endonucleases during storage (Kaneko and Serikawa, 2012). Chelating agents, such as EDTA, are necessary. 1,2,2-diamino 2,2’, 2", 2"-tetraacetic) or ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N’N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) are incorporated in the lyophilization solution to prevent sperm DNA fragmentation (Kaneko and Nakagata, 2006). Olaciregui et al., (2016) determined that the presence of EGTA in the lyophilization media provided a protective effect on the DNA sperm than the presence of EDTA. Sugars have been studied as components of the lyophilization medium. Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide, plays an important role in the prevention of membrane alterations in cellular dehydration. The incorporation of treha-lose to the lyophilization medium maintains the integrity of the DNA after the lyophilization process (McGinnis et al., 2005).
Plant-Based Natural Products Against Huntington’s Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Banadipa Nanda, Samapika Nandy, Anuradha Mukherjee, Abhijit Dey
Trehalose is a natural α-linked disaccharide that protected against spinal cord ischemia in rabbits [124]. When administered orally, it prevented polyQ aggregation in cerebrum and liver and increased polyQ generated motor function in transgenic mice [125].
Trehalose and N-Acetyl Cysteine Alleviate Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Oxidative Stress in LPS-Stimulated Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Ali Reza Bastin, Mahdieh Nazari-Robati, Hossein Sadeghi, Amir Hossein Doustimotlagh, Asie Sadeghi
Our results revealed that trehalose could modulate the expression and secretion of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. Previous studies have confirmed the inhibitory effects of trehalose on inflammation. It has been found that trehalose reduces blood-stimulated inflammatory cytokines in macrophage cells (Echigo et al. 2012) and LPS-induced BV-2 cells (He et al. 2014). Moreover, the ability of trehalose to suppress the inflammatory responses has been confirmed in several in vivo studies including the animal models of septic shock (Minutoli et al. 2008) and mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (Lotfi et al. 2018). In addition, it is known that the administration of trehalose ameliorates the cytokine levels in the tear of patients with dry eye (Panigrahi et al. 2019). These data suggest that trehalose reduces cytokine production possibly through regulating the inflammatory signaling pathways.
Activation of ectopic olfactory receptor 544 induces GLP-1 secretion and regulates gut inflammation
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Chunyan Wu, Mi-Young Jeong, Jung Yeon Kim, Giljae Lee, Ji-Sun Kim, Yu Eun Cheong, Hyena Kang, Chung Hwan Cho, Jimin Kim, Min Kyung Park, You Kyoung Shin, Kyoung Heon Kim, Geun Hee Seol, Seung Hoi Koo, GwangPyo Ko, Sung-Joon Lee
Trehalose is a functional disaccharide with several metabolic functions, such as suppression of inflammatory responses.48,49 The anti-obesity effect of trehalose has been reported. Trehalose suppressed adipocyte hypertrophy and alleviation of impaired glucose tolerance.50 In addition, oral administration of trehalose reportedly induces beige adipogenesis and thermogenesis and reduces white adipocyte size; thus, trehalose is considered a thermogenic dietary compound.51 Trehalose also induces antioxidative and lysosomal gene expression, resulting in reduced cellular reactive oxygen species in adipose tissues.52 In addition, trehalose has been shown to activate hepatic Aloxe3, which results in the reduction of weight gain and hepatic steatosis, thus ameliorating metabolic disease.53 These results collectively indicate that trehalose may have anti-obesogenic effects in multiple organs after uptake by the intestine.
Batten disease: an expert update on agents in preclinical and clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2020
Margaux C. Masten, Jonathan W. Mink, Erika F. Augustine
Trehalose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules. Studies have shown that trehalose, an activator of Transcription-Factor EB (TFEB), reduces the buildup of lipofuscin in both cell and mouse models [6]. The enzyme trehalase lyses trehalose in the small intestine, so one barrier to using trehalose therapeutically is that it cannot be administered enterally. Pre-clinical studies are being conducted to evaluate intravenous delivery of trehalose along with oral delivery of miglustat which inhibits trehalase [7]. Beyond Batten Disease Foundation (https://beyondbatten.org/research/bbdf101/, 7/12/2020) and Theranexus Inc (https://www.theranexus.com/en/platform-and-products/drug-candidates.html, 7/12/2020) have partnered to develop a clinical trial of trehalose in combination with miglustat (BBDF-101) for CLN3 disease.