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Pharmacology of Opioids
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic agent and was the second to be recognized as an atypical opioid (Pergolizzi et al, 2018). Its analgesic effect is a result of inhibition norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) reuptake at nerve terminals and its relatively weak μ-opioid receptor activity, mediated mainly through the main metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) (Faria et al, 2018). Although an effective analgesic, it may not provide adequate pain relief if used as the sole agent for the management of moderate to severe acute pain at the usual recommended doses. It may be useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Suicide
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Frank Musshoff, Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz
Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. The drug has a weak affinity for the μ-opioid receptor and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Side effects from tramadol use include seizures and respiratory depression [46].
Drugs Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
Published in Radhwan Nidal Al-Zidan, Drugs in Pregnancy, 2020
Risk Summary: The use of Tramadol should be avoided, if possible, in pregnant women because the pregnancy experience in humans has shown a low risk of congenital birth defects associated with the use of this drug. Furthermore, its use near delivery is associated with a risk of neonatal respiratory depression.
Development and validation of a tramadol misuse quitting self-efficacy scale: a Nigerian version
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Orfega Zwawua, Rohani Ismail, Mohd Azhar Mohd Yasin, Norhayati Mohd Noor, Targema Iorvaa
Tramadol is a pharmaceutical opioid indicated for the relief of moderate to moderately severe pain, especially in adult patients. However, the euphoric, invigorating and aphrodisiac (sex-enhancing) effects that tramadol produces have made it liable to misuse leading to addiction (Fuseini et al., 2019). Tramadol misuse is the use of the drug for purposes other than pain treatment. The contemporary belief that tramadol serves as a remedy for premature ejaculation, extends orgasm and increases work performance has contributed to its popularity and massive use among Nigerian youths (Chikezie & Ebuenyi, 2019; Ibrahim et al., 2017; Orhero, 2018). This is evidenced by the recent report on drug use in Nigeria by the National Bureau of Statistics (2018), which placed tramadol ahead of codeine and morphine as the most misused pharmaceutical opioids in the country. This could be explained by the non-regulation of tramadol at the international level, its’ illicit production and availability in the country at cheap costs.
Adverse childhood experiences and tramadol use in Nigeria: the mediating role of sociosexuality in a predominantly male student sample
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Desmond Uchechukwu Onu, Chuka Mike Ifeagwazi, Charles Tochukwu Orjiakor, Steven Kator Iorfa
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid primarily used in pain management (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, UNODC, 2017). However, the increasing and widespread use of tramadol, especially among youths is worrisome (Chikezie & Ebuenyi, 2019; UNODC, 2017; Zabihi et al., 2011). Aside from the therapeutic benefits, tramadol use has been strongly associated with drug disorder morbidities (such as addiction, insomnia, and organ damage) and even death (Chikezie & Ebuenyi, 2019; Adeyeye, 2018; El Wasify et al., 2018; UNODC, 2017; Barahmand et al., 2016). The African continent has seen an increase in the opioid crises (Salm-Reifferscheidt, 2018), and tramadol is the top opioid of abuse especially in countries such as Egypt and Nigeria (Mohamed et al., 2015; UNODC, 2017; Iorfa et al., 2018). Studies carried out in Nigeria on the widespread use of tramadol showed that 85.2% of sampled drivers in Kano, Northern Nigeria (Yunusa et al., 2017), 7% of ‘Almajiris’ (street children) in Borno, Northern Nigeria (Abdulmalik et al., 2009), and 53.4% of university students in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria (Duru et al., 2017) used tramadol. Tramadol use (TU) has also been reported to be a gateway to the development of habitual use of other drugs such as cannabis and ecstasy (Nazarzadeh et al., 2014).
Acetaminophen and tramadol hydrochloride-loaded soft gelatin capsule: preparation, dissolution and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid medication with monoaminergic actions similar to serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (Miotto et al. 2017). It is considered as an first member of the ‘atypical opioids’ group with the pharmacodynamics drug effect district to those of the more classic opioids (Bravo et al. 2017). It has been marketed as a hydrochloride salt; moreover, it is available in injectable, oral, and rectally administered preparations. With an onset time of 1 h and Tmax of 2 h, it is well-absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and then metabolized in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450 (Siepsiak et al. 2019). Tramadol is used as a pain reliever for various acute or chronic diseases. However, for some diseases, other analgesics are being used due to the slow onset time of tramadol (Shipton 2000). For the treatment of cancer pain, in the initial treatment, morphine has been more effective for severe cancer pain which may reflect tramadol’s slower onset (Bamigbade and Langford 1998).