China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Respiratory Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Bronchitis is usually self-limiting. Encourage supportive measures, including rest, hot tea, smoking avoidance and throat lozenges. There is no evidence that cough syrups are of benefit, but some patients may like them. Inhaled beta-agonists, for example salbutamol, can be used if there is wheeze or underlying bronchial airways disease. Avoid antibiotics unless there are features of bacterial infection. For infective exacerbations of COPD (without pneumonia), 200 mg doxycycline on the first day, 100 mg on four subsequent days and five days of 30 mg prednisolone in the morning is an appropriate first choice. For pertussis, macrolides are first line; identify local public health notification pathway for testing.
Common problems in pregnancy
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
Similarly, there is a lack of data on the safety of commonly used cough medicines in pregnancy but these preparations are also of limited benefit. Opioid cough suppressants are best avoided, although short-term use is unlikely to present a risk to the fetus. There is no reason to believe that expectorants or demulcents are harmful, but they are of limited efficacy. Cough and throat lozenges are unlikely to have systemic effects and can be recommended.
Pharyngitis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Based on in vitro studies, amylmetacresol and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol (AMC/DCBA)-containing throat lozenges have been thought to produce an analgesic effect by means of its antiseptic action on bacteria and viruses and partly due to sodium channel blocking, i.e. direct local anaesthetic-like effects.2 However, in the absence of good quality evidence confirming their efficacy or lasting benefit, there is insufficient evidence to support a recommendation of use of topical analgesia.
PRN Medication Events in a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital: A Document Analysis of the Prevalence and Reasons
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2020
Kirsi Hipp, Eila Repo-Tiihonen, Lauri Kuosmanen, Jouko Katajisto, Mari Kangasniemi
The researcher also reviewed the nursing notes from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018 to identify PRN medication events in which medication was considered, administered, or both. We defined PRN as medication used on an as needed basis and accepted voluntarily. We included stat medication, which is medication that is prescribed to be administered immediately on one occasion. We reviewed all PRN medication, except non-pharmacological throat lozenges, nicotine products, and non-pharmacological lotions and creams. PRN events were identified for each patient so that we could calculate the proportion of patients who received PRNs and make comparisons based on patient characteristics.