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Allergic Responses to Powdered Natural Rubber Latex Gloves in Healthcare Workers
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Type IV hypersensitivity, or delayed-type reaction, occurs in individuals who are sensitized to either latex proteins themselves or more frequently additive substances (e.g. thiurams, carbamates) added during the glove manufacturing processes. This type of reaction presents with allergic contact dermatitis. Because type IV hypersensitivity to latex proteins is very rare, contact allergy to rubber additives such as carbamates and thiurams should also be considered in the case of NRL glove-related allergic contact dermatitis. In a study of 190 gloves, carbamates were, by far, the most frequent accelerator (90.5%) followed by thiurams (5.8%).19 In a study analyzing skin prick tests and patch test results in operating room staff presenting with glove-related symptoms, 30.5% of the HCWs had type I latex allergy, whereas 16.7% and 14.6% of them had type IV allergy to latex and rubber additives (most common additive tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide), respectively.15 Contact allergy to rubber gloves is most commonly associated with sensitization to accelerators. Thiurams and dithiocarbamates are the most frequent allergens. In a study of 3448 patients, of which one-third were HCWs, 13% were sensitized to thiurams followed by dithiocarbamates, mercaptobenzothiazole, and thioureas.20
Radiation Syndromes and Their Modifications
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Several hundred compounds containing sulfur have been tested, but only a few show any significant protective action. Some of the sulfur-containing compounds include thiourea, thiouracil, dithiocarbamates, dithiooxamides, thiazolines, sulfoxides, and sulfones. Dimethyl sulfoxide has a DRF value of 1.33 for the same strain of mice in which the DRF value of AET is about 1.45.
Endocrinology
Published in Paul Bentley, Ben Lovell, Memorizing Medicine, 2019
Pregnancy: Symptomatic: Allows sparing or avoidance of thiourea, esp. at 3rd trimesterThiourea (low-dose, as Graves goes into partial remission, and risk of causing neonatal hypothyroidism and goitre, with stridor)
Safety of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy: update and therapy implications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
Thanuya Francis, Niroshan Francis, John H. Lazarus, Onyebuchi E. Okosieme
The thionamide antithyroid drugs are 5–6 ringed sulfur containing thiourea derivatives that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by preventing thyroid peroxidize (TPO) catalyzed iodination and coupling of thyroglobulin-linked tyrosine residues [22,23]. The thionamides also have immunosuppressive effects which over time leads to a reduction in TRAb levels but it is unclear whether these immunosuppressive effects are as a result of direct actions on humoral and cellular mechanisms or an indirect effect of hyperthyroidism control [22]. In addition, PTU in large doses blocks peripheral thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion through inhibition of the type 1 deiodinase [22,23]. Lastly, the thionamides may exhibit antioxidant properties but it is also unclear if this action occurs through direct effects or through control of hyperthyroidism.
A patent update on therapeutic applications of urease inhibitors (2012–2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Abdul Hameed, Mariya Al-Rashida, Maliha Uroos, Syeda Uroos Qazi, Sadia Naz, Marium Ishtiaq, Khalid Mohammed Khan
The urease inhibition activity revealed that most of the compounds to be active inhibitors with IC50 values between 2.80 and 20.36 µM, and the inhibitory activity of reference inhibitor thiourea was 21.4 ± 0.11 µM (Scheme 1). The thiazole derivative 24a with 2-pyrenyl was found to be most potent among the series having IC50 value of 2.80 ± 0.07 µM, while the compounds bearing 4-(methylthio)phenyl 24o, 3-indolyl 24b, 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxy phenyl 24c, 4-pyridinyl 24e, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl 24f, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy phenyl 24h, and 2-hydroxy phenyl 24n exhibited activities with IC50 values of 6.96 ± 0.05, 8.56 ± 0.027, 7.90 ± 0.08, 7.60 ± 0.08, 8.80 ± 0.04, 8.13 ± 0.02, and 12.43 ± 0.14 µM, respectively. The other 14 compounds in the series showed IC50 values between 9.33 ± 0.02 and 20.36 ± 0.11 µM (Scheme 2).
Bone fractures among adult Nigerians with hyperthyroidism: risk factors, pattern and frequency
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2019
AO Ale, OO Odusan, TO Afe, OL Adeyemo, AO Ogbera
There are studies suggesting that skeletal changes of hyperthyroidism could result from elevated T3 or TSH levels through action on either osteoblastic or osteoclastic activities.21,29,30 Other contributory factors are increased serum interleukin –6 levels, B-adrenergic receptor-mediated acceleration of bone activation frequency and bone loss due to the increased sympathetic tone that inhibits osteoblastic proliferation and bone formation.31 Though these patients are on anti-thyroid therapy and the beneficiary effect of anti-thyroid medications cannot be overemphasised, patients’ thyrotoxic state was still uncontrolled. Longitudinal studies of patients successfully treated for thyrotoxicosis had reported conflicting results, with the suggestion that thyrotoxic bone loss may be potentially reversible.32,33 The mainstay of treating hyperthyroidism is medical therapy with thiourea, i.e carbimazole, radio-iodine ablation and surgical management by partial or total thyroidectomy.