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Induction of Anesthesia
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Kristen Messenger, Rachel Reed
Barbiturates: The most common barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia in horses is thiopental. At present, this drug is not commercially available in the United States.Thiopental must be administered via an indwelling intravenous catheter, as perivascular administration is associated with severe tissue necrosis and sloughing, which is caused by the very basic pH of the solution (pH > 10).
Alcohol
Published in T.M. Craft, P.M. Upton, Key Topics In Anaesthesia, 2021
Conduct of anaesthesia. A rapid sequence induction is performed. Regional anaesthesia may not be feasible because of lack of co-operation. Peripheral neuro-pathy must also be considered. The sedative effects of alcohol are additive with barbiturates. In chronic abuse, no effect on the pharmacodynamics or pharmaco-kinetics of thiopental was observed. MAC of volatile anaesthetics is reduced in the intoxicated patient. An increased volume of distribution may increase requirements of muscle relaxants, but not if there is profound muscle atrophy. Diminished pseudocholinesterase is not a clinical problem, however electrolyte disturbance can potentiate non-depolarizing blockade. Thermoregulation is impaired and warmed fluids and a forced warm air blanket should be considered.
Antiepileptic Drugs Useful in Status Epilepticus
Published in Carl L. Faingold, Gerhard H. Fromm, Drugs for Control of Epilepsy:, 2019
Daniel H. Lowenstein, Roger P. Simon
In 1984, Orlowski et al.81 provided the first detailed report on the manner of administering barbiturate anesthesia for status in children. Thiopental was used with an initial loading dose of 30 mg/kg, followed by a continuous infusion of 5 to 55 mg/kg/h. Patients were cooled to 30 to 31°C with a cooling blanket, and the EEG was used to document a burst-suppression pattern. Dopamine was routinely required to counteract barbiturate-induced hypotension. Patients were empirically maintained in coma for 2 to 5 days. Two of the three patients returned to their baseline state following treatment.
Intercorrelation of physiological seizure parameters and hormonal changes in electroconvulsive therapy
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Elin Thörnblom, Malin Gingnell, Janet L. Cunningham, Mikael Landén, Robert Bodén
ECT was performed with a Thymatron® System IV (Somatics LLC, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). Initial stimulus dose was decided by the local ECT practitioner based on age and sex in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction manual [29]. Only right unilateral (RUL) electrode placement was used. Pulse width was almost exclusively 0.5 ms. Median (Q1, Q3) stimulus charge was 252 (152, 350) milliCoulomb. Information on anesthetic agent and dose was available in 106 of 131 participants. In these, thiopental was used in all treatments except one, where propofol (2.46 mg/kg) was used instead. Median (Q1, Q3) thiopental dose was 4.43 (3.91, 4.90) mg/kg. Suxamethonium was routinely used for muscle relaxation. No adjunctive medications apart from anesthetics and muscle relaxants were used as part of the routine anesthetic procedure for the first ECT treatment.
Antihypertensive effect and the underlying mechanisms of action of phytolaccagenin in rat models
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Imran Ul Haq, Taseer Ahmad, Taous Khan, Abdul Jabbar Shah
Blood pressure (BP) was measured (in vivo) in SD male rats of weight 180–250 gm, as previously described (13). Sodium thiopental (40–100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to normotensive rat to induce anesthesia. An incision (approximately 1.5–2 cm) was made in the neck region of rat, and trachea, jugular vein, and carotid artery were exposed. Polyethylene tubing (PE-20) was inserted into the trachea of the anesthetized rat to maintain respiration spontaneously, and the left carotid artery was cannulated with polyethylene tubing (PE-50) filled with saline containing heparin (60 IU/mL), which was attached to a pressure transducer coupled with the PowerLab (ML 846) Data Acquisition System (ADInstruments Australia). This connection was used to record the blood pressure (calculated as mean arterial pressure; MAP). Heparinized saline (0.1 mL) was injected into rats to prevent the formation of blood clot. Polyethylene tubing (PE-50) cannula was inserted into the right jugular vein for the injection of standard drugs and phytolaccagenin. A lamp was used to maintain the body temperature of the rat at 37°C.
Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Matilde Zaballos, Ignacio Fernández, Lucia Rodríguez, Sergio García, Olalla Varela, Oscar Quintela, María-José Anadón, Jesús Almendral
Nineteen Sach miniature pigs of either sex with a mean weight of 41.9 ± 4.7 kg were used for the experiment. Pigs have fasted for 12 h before the procedure, and unrestricted access to water was permitted. The animals were premedicated with 20 mg·kg−1 intramuscular ketamine [17]. Anesthetic induction was accomplished with intravenous thiopental at a dose of 5–10 mg·kg−1 given via an ear vein. Orotracheal intubation was then performed, and animals were ventilated at a tidal volume of 6–8 mL·kg−1 and respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min to maintain normocapnia (Heinen and Löwenstein Leon respiratory ventilator; Direx SL, Wiesbaden, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany). Sevoflurane at a concentration of 2.6% was administered to maintain anesthesia throughout the procedure [18]. During the entire procedure, the animals received a normal saline infusion at a rate of 5 mL·kg−1·h−1.