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Thermal Analysis
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The technique of thermogravimetric analysis [1,3,4] is that of constantly weighing a sample as its temperature is either held constant or linearly raised. Typically, the amount of sample is of the order of 5–30 mg. The atmosphere surrounding the sample can be controlled as to the type of gas (air, oxygen, and nitrogen, for example), the humidity of the gas, and whether the gas is static or flowing at a specific velocity. Several different designs are available. In one design, a small oven is moved into a position nearly surrounding the sample; in another design, the balance, including the sample, is moved on a track so that the sample is enclosed within an oven. Both types appear to be suitable.
Solid State Testing of Inhaled Formulations
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Philip Chi Lip Kwok, Hak-Kim Chan
Thermodynamic behaviours, specifically the mass and energy changes that occur in a solid upon heating, can indicate solid state changes, chemical changes, and the presence of impurities. The two major thermal analysis techniques are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Herbal Drug Development: Challenges and Opportunities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Plant- and Marine-Based Phytochemicals for Human Health, 2018
Bhagyashree Kamble, Neelam Athawale, Anand Gugale, Ashika Advankar, Ashwini Ghagare, Shankar Katekhaye, Abhishek Kulkarni, Priyanka Kanukuntla
The chemical and physical changes in product are studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It helps to study pre-formulation or drug-excipient compatibility. TGA is operated under controlled conditions to analyze alcohol content in various herbal formulations such as Asava and Arishta and metals in Bhasmas.82
Mercury(II) decontamination using a newly synthesized poly(acrylonitrile-acrylic acid)/ammonium molybdophosphate composite exchanger
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Adel A. El-Zahhar, Abubakr M. Idris
In this study, it has been proposed to utilize the potentials of hybridization of organic and inorganic compounds, as discussed above, for Hg(II) removal from aqueous solution. Toward this end, a novel ion-exchanger composite based on hybridization of AMP with co-polymer poly-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid to obtain P(AN-AA)/AMP was synthesized. The functional groups on the surface of the newly proposed composite were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The surface morphology of the composite was also examined throughout scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis was carried out as well to study the surface properties of the composite. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to evaluate the thermal stability. Furthermore, parameters presumed to be controlling the adsorption process were studied and the optimum conditions of pH, time, adsorbent dose, and ion concentration were assigned.
Screening tools for hereditary hemolytic anemia: new concepts and strategies
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Elisa Fermo, Cristina Vercellati, Paola Bianchi
Thermogravimetry evaluates the weight loss as a function of a heating program allowing to distinguish and quantify the single contribution when two or more processes are overlapped. No sample pretreatment is required and a very low volume of the original sample can be directly analyzed. The obtained information reflects the true composition and all the possible interactions due to the matrices complexity, as for blood. A statistical analysis based on chemometric multivariate regression models can be used for the interpretation of processed samples. Therefore, by coupling the thermogravimetric analysis and chemometric methods, it is possible to study correlations between thermogravimetric profiles of different blood samples. A multi screening test has been optimized for the diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemias allowing an accurate diagnosis in one hour, representing, as for Osmoscan analysis, a first level test for these disorders [63].
EM-test for homogeneity in a two-sample problem with a mixture structure
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2020
Guanfu Liu, Yuejiao Fu, Jianjun Zhang, Xiaolong Pu, Boying Wang
For the class of location mixtures of distributions, i.e. the component distributions differ only in the location parameters, there are also a large number of applications. For example, Roeder [32] applied location mixture of normal distributions to analyze sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red blood cells, and Loisel et al. [23] used location mixture of normal distributions to fit the total number of grains per plant. The location mixture of logistic distributions was used by Naya et al. [25] to study the thermogravimetric analysis trace. In Example 4.4.2 of Lawless [17], the author applied the location mixture of extreme value distributions to fit the logarithm of the number of cycles to failure for a group of 60 electrical appliances. More applications can be seen in [17,24].