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Endocrine Glands
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Richard A. Peterson, Sundeep Chandra, Mark J. Hoenerhoff
Spontaneous cortical adenomas and carcinomas are uncommon in both rats and mice. Subcapsular cell adenomas (Figure 19.6d) are observed in old mice, and these adenomas are composed of type A (spindle) and type B (polygonal) cells similar to the subcapsular cell hyperplasia. Morphological features of focal (nodular) hyperplasia and adenoma often overlap such that compression of the surrounding gland is used as a diagnostic feature of adenoma. Carcinomas of the cortex are large lesions that compress the surrounding parenchyma and are composed of large, polyhedral, or pleomorphic cells with an eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm. Blood-filled spaces and localized areas of necrosis are common. Atrophy of the contralateral adrenal cortex may occur if the carcinoma is functional and secretes corticosteroids. Although the adrenal gland, and especially the cortex, is reported to be the most common endocrine organ associated with chemically induced lesions, a review of the NTP database reveals very few chemicals associated with site-specific induction of tumors in the cortex. Chemically induced tumors were mostly adenomas and predominantly seen in rats. Chemicals associated with tumor induction in the adrenal cortex include 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, parathion tetrachlorvinphos, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl, and 4-vinylcyclohexene.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Stark et al.370 observed significant adverse associations between abnormal toe vibration on NPx and two OP pesticides (dichlorvos and tetrachlorvinphos) whereas they did not observe associations between quantitative toe vibrotactile thresholds and these chemicals.
Differences between organophosphates in respiratory failure and lethality with poisoning post the 2011 bans in Sri Lanka
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Chanika Alahakoon, Tharaka L. Dassanayake, Indika B. Gawarammana, Vajira S. Weerasinghe, Nicholas A. Buckley
From 1st of March 2013 to 30th of September 2016, 540 patients were admitted to the Toxicology Unit with OP self-poisoning. The OP compound ingested by 369 patients was identified: 138 had ingested profenofos, 106 chlorpyrifos, 48 diazinon, 37 phenthoate, 16 quinalphos, 6 azinphos-methyl, 4 malathion, 4 dimethoate, 4 methamidophos, 2 monocrotophos, 2 tetrachlorvinphos, 1 carbophenothion, and 1 acephate. The other patients were categorized as “unknown OP” (n = 171) based on clinical features and persistent depression of RBC-AChE.
Female infertility caused by organophosphates: an insight into the latest biochemical and histomorphological findings
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Mohammad Samare-Najaf, Ali Samareh, Bahia Namavar Jahromi, Navid Jamali, Sina Vakili, Majid Mohsenizadeh, Cain C. T. Clark, Ali Abbasi, Nastaran Khajehyar
Damage to mammalian ovaries has been shown via induced cytobiochemical alterations. Indeed, damage to the ovarian follicles, decreasing the number of small, medium, and large follicles, and increasing the number of atretic follicles, accompanied by ovarian weight loss, occurs after exposure to OPs such as monocrotophos, triazophos, tetrachlorvinphos, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, and edifenphos (Nishio and Uyeki 1981, Nayudu et al.1994, Asmathbanu and Kaliwal 1997, Rao and Kaliwal 2002, Nanda and Kaliwal 2003, Sharma et al.2015). Furthermore, exposure to dimethoate abolishes implantation, induces abortion or fetal resorption in higher doses, and leads to blastotoxicity due to an imbalanced E2/progesterone (P4) ratio and interrupted hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Mahadevaswami and Kaliwal 2003, Mahadevaswami and Kaliwal 2004). Besides, some Ops, like trichlorfon, which dehydrochlorinates to dichlorvos via a nonenzymatic process, reduce mucification and ovulation by inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine esterase receptors that naturally promote P4 synthesis in granulosa cells (Bodis et al.2002, Sun et al.2008). Contrary to previously mentioned, exposure to OPs, such as diazinon, for 2 weeks elicited no effect on the number of primordial, primary, secondary, and graffian follicles, nor on estrogen, LH, and FSH levels, despite causing ovarian weight loss, which was attributed to an increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion and promotion of protein catabolism in the ovary. However, diazinon may cause damage to the ovaries by reducing the mean number of corpus luteum and declining P4 levels (Johari et al.2010). On the contrary, Sharma, et al. reported an increase in E2 levels, along with a decrease in P4 in the plasma, of Wistar rats exposed to triazophos. As the induced alterations are dependent on both concentrations and duration of exposure, these discrepancies could be explained. Indeed, a recent study revealed that exposure to sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos resulted in a significant decrement of E2, LH, and FSH levels in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, despite a decrease in P4 levels in a dose-dependent manner, the results were reported as non-significant (Iheanacho et al., 2020).