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Hydrobiological Evaluation of Side Effects of Larvicide Treatments Against Simulium Damnosum
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Since 1972, ORSTOM (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outremer) hydrobiologists have been involved in the WHO activities for Simulium damnosum control. In the ORSTOM laboratory at Fort-Lamy (Chad) and in the field in West Africa (Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast), the toxicity for nontarget aquatic organisms of new insecticides or new formulations of already known compounds have been studied. One of the most important results was the selection for control operations of temephos (= Abate®), an organophosphate insecticide, which is still used in many parts of the area of the Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP).
Aedes-aegypti organophosphate resistance detection in the Rawasari subdistrict of Central Jakarta, Indonesia, as an effort for dengue hemorrhagic fever vector control
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
A. Hardjanti, I. Indrawati, E. Donanti, H. Wibowo, Z. Zulhasril
A vector control program has been conducted, including fogging, in order to reduce the DHF infection cycle and to eradicate adult Ae. aegypti. The Jakarta health office records that malathion is the typical insecticide used in this program in the Jakarta region. The national government has used malathion since 1969. The larvacide used in this program is Temefos, and it has been used since 1980. Malathion and Temefos are organophosphates that if used in the long term, could develop mosquito resistance. Insecticide resistance mechanisms depend on the genetic factor. The resistance genes coded in the assembly of particular enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase can reduce organophosphate to an inactive compound (Melo-Santos et al. 2010).
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Temephos (Abate) is a tetramethyl-thiodiphenylene phosphorothioate, highly active against the aquatic larvae of mosquitoes and other insects. It has been formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate or in the form of fine granules impregnated with 1–5 per cent of the compound. The granules are applied on water surfaces at monthly intervals, in doses aiming at one part per million of the active product. This compound is highly effective against various species of mosquito larvae, including those resistant to other insecticides. Its toxicity to fish, birds and mammals is very low (unlikely to present acute hazard: LD50, 8600 mg/kg). It is also used in liquid form as an emulsion at a rate of 37–100 mL per hectare and in granular form of 2 per cent concentration at between 5 kg and 20 kg per hectare, depending on the type of water and the amounts of aquatic vegetation. This treatment can be repeated at intervals of 2–3 months, i.e. much less frequently than any other larvicide.
Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residential use: a review of its toxicity
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Juan Pablo Martínez-Mercado, Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo, Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García, Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
The WHO classifies temephos in class III as slightly dangerous or of low toxicity, establishing that it is harmless to mammals. The WHO has established a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 4240 mg/kg orally in male rats and of 4700 mg/kg orally in male mice. The LD50 for dermal exposure in rats is similar to that observed by the oral route, with a value of >4000 mg/kg, whereas that observed by inhalation is >4.79 mg/L (WHO 2006). The dermal LD50 in rabbits was estimated to be 2000 mg/kg in males and 2378 mg/kg in females. Regarding short- or sub-chronic exposures, the NOAEL of temephos reported by WHO is 2.3 mg/kg/day for up to 90 days in rats based on brain AChE and the LOAEL is 100 mg/kg/day for up to 44 days in rats based on cholinergic clinical signs. On the other hand, the EPA classifies temephos as a systemic pesticide in group II of moderate toxicity. Its LD50 is 444 mg/kg orally in rats, the NOAEL is 0.3 mg/kg/day, and the LOAEL is 0.9 mg/kg/d for up to 90 days based on the inhibition of AChE activity in erythrocytes in rats of both sexes. The EPA classifies temephos as noncarcinogenic and it is not considered toxic for development or reproduction, although it is indicated additional data are necessary to confirm these assessments (EPA 2016). Probably, these differences in the parameters between agencies can be explained by the final end-point evaluated.
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
All used solvents and reagents were of pesticide grade. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium citrate dehydrate (Na3Citrate. 2H2O), disodium hydrogen citrate sesquihydrate (Na2HCitrate. 1.5 H2O), formic acid (HCOOH), and ammonium formate (HCOONH4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (CH3CN), methanol (CH3OH), and water were purchased from Honeywell, Riedel de Haën (Hannover, Germany). Bulk sorbent (Graphitized Carbon Black), bulk packing C18, and primary secondary amine (PSA) were purchased from United Chemicals (Bristol, UK). Sodium chloride was purchased from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). Temephos used as Internal Standard (IS) was purchased from ULTRA Scientific-Agilent (N. Kingstown, RI, USA).
Synergistic effect of entomopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum extract in combination with temephos against three major mosquito vectors
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Perumal Vivekanandhan, Sengodan Karthi, Muthugounder S. Shivakumar, Giovanni Benelli
Temephos is an organophosphate insecticide which is recommended by WHO for the control of mosquito larvae [25]. The use of larvicides is highly regulated by WHO as there is an immediate danger of biomagnification of pesticides in food chain. There have been several reports showing that An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus have developed resistance to temephos. Hence in order to increase the effectiveness of temephos, a combination with fungal secondary metabolite might be ideal. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the synergistic mosquitocidal activity of F. oxysporum with temephos on larvae and pupae of three mosquito species, namely An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus . Chemical characterization F. oxysporum extract using TLC, FT-IR, and GC MS was carried out. In addition, midgut histology of the three mosquito species exposed to the fungal extract was investigated.