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Deaths Due to Asphyxiant Gases
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Decontamination is the primary modality to remove the subject from the site of exposure and immediately transferred to fresh air. Local areas of exposure like skin and eyes should be thoroughly washed. As there is no specific antidote is currently available for sulfide poisoning and so treatment is largely supportive and is under study.
CBRN and the Trauma Victim
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
These include oxygen, respiratory support and, where appropriate, cyanide antidotes including sodium nitrite/thiosulphate and cobalt-chelation therapy (including hydroxocobalamin). The management of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) poisoning is sodium nitrite and oxygen. Sodium nitrite for cyanide and H2S poisoning is used with the intention of causing a MetHb level of ~30% in order to dissociate the poison from the mitochondria and back into the intravascular compartment. It should, however, be avoided in cases of trauma (haemorrhage) or carbon mon-oxide (CO) poisoning.
Asphyxia
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas originating from the natural environment, organic decomposition, and industry. Specific sources include sewers, septic tanks, the manufacture of petroleum-containing products and paper, natural gas, and volcanoes.8 It is commonly described as having a rotten egg odor. At higher concentrations in the ambient environment and with prolonged inhalation, its odor becomes undetectable due to paralysis of the olfactory nerves, and respiratory impairment and unconsciousness may ensue.8 Due to the occupational hazards and past reports of deaths, OSHA regulations restrict the amount of exposure and require training, equipment for detection of the gas, and the use of respiratory protective equipment.13,14 The action of H2S is at the cellular level, similar to cyanide. During the scene investigation, blackening of metal objects, including coins, may be noted. At autopsy, a greenish discoloration of the tissues, in addition to the characteristic odor, may be noted. Prompt toxicological testing may reveal elevated sulfate ion or thiosulfate levels.8
Low level exposure to hydrogen sulfide: a review of emissions, community exposure, health effects, and exposure guidelines
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Stuart Batterman, Amelia Grant-Alfieri, Sung-Hee Seo
The dose-response relationship for mortality from acute, high-level exposure of H2S is reasonably well understood. Less is known about the health impacts of chronic, low-level exposures and exposure-response relationships for morbidity, the focus of this review. Community exposure to H2S and other reduced sulfur compounds, which is common around industrial, agricultural and natural sources that emit these gases, mostly occurs concentrations below 0.1 ppm, much lower than in occupational settings. Community exposure has long been considered a nuisance issue. Because people living near H2S-emitting facilities can experience long-term exposures and frequently have health, racial, socioeconomic, and other disparities that can increase their vulnerability and susceptibility to pollutants, H2S exposures and health impacts are an environmental justice issue.
In vitro sulfonation of 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives in liver cytosol of human and six animal species
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Risto O. Juvonen, Olli Pentikäinen, Juhani Huuskonen, Juri Timonen, Olli Kärkkäinen, Aki Heikkinen, Muluneh Fashe, Hannu Raunio
The rate of sulfonation can be measured by assays based on radiometric, absorbance, fluorescence and HPLC-MS detection. In radiometric assay the sulfur atom of transferred sulfone is labeled with 35S, which can be measured precisely and at high sensitivity from the isolated metabolite in an endpoint experimental setup (Paul et al., 2012). The absorbance and fluorescence assays are based on indirect measurement of sulfonation in which the actual substrates and p-nitrophenol sulfate or 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin sulfate are tightly coupled to the regeneration of PAP to PAPS by aryl sulfotransferase IV enzyme. In this coupling reaction sulfates are transformed to absorbing p-nitrophenol or fluorescent 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin. The increase in absorbance or fluorescence can be measured by continuous or endpoint assays; measurement of fluorescence is more sensitive than of absorbance (Chen et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2010). The decrease of fluorescence of 7-hydroxycoumarin or resorufin during sulfonation has also been measured directly. In HPLC-MS assays substrates and the formed metabolites are separated by HPLC and then detected and analyzed by different kinds of MS approaches (Paul et al., 2012).
Marked regional variations in the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a limited geographical region are not associated with compounds in the drinking water
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019
Fredrik Segerman, Spencer Clarkson, Klas Sjöberg
One factor in our daily diet, which is consumed daily and in significant amounts, is the drinking water. We consume just over one litre of drinking water on average every day and therefore the intake is not to be neglected [15,16]. A study in Norway indicated that increased iron levels in drinking water were associated with the incidence of UC and maybe also CD [17]. Zinc has an impact on the immune function [18] and a few reports suggest a connection between low zinc levels as well as high levels of nitrate and type 1 diabetes [19,20]. Nitrate is also involved in the nitric oxide metabolism and could consequently influence the homeostasis and regulatory mechanisms in the gut [21]. Sulphites are used as preservatives in different alcoholic compounds and are suggested to increase the disease severity in UC. Sulphide is derived from sulphite and is toxic to colonocytes [22–26]. Low pH, increased alkalinity and sulphate in the water increases the corrosive properties of the water, allowing for metals and other compounds in the pipes such as copper to be released from the pipes and dissolved into the water [27], while higher levels of calcium and to some extent magnesium could counteract this effect.