China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
These agents are used primarily to treat toxoplasmosis. Pyrimethamine, a folic acid antagonist, is also used to treat malaria. There are no adequate scientific studies of its use during pregnancy, but Hengst (1992) reported no increase in the malformation rate in 64 newborns whose mothers had taken this drug during the first half of pregnancy. Spiramycin has been used extensively in Europe during the first trimester with no apparent adverse fetal effects. Sulfadiazine, a sulfonamide, has not been reported to be teratogenic when used in the first trimester. However, as with all sulfonamides, it could potentially be related to hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn, especially in the premature infant.
Sulfadiazine Silver
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Sulfadiazine silver is a sulfonamide-based topical agent which is bactericidal for many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as being effective against yeast. Silver sulfadiazine may act through a combination of the activity of silver and sulfadiazine. Sulfadiazine silver is indicated as an adjunct for the prevention and treatment of wound infection and sepsis in patients with second- and third-degree burns (1). Side effects of silver sulfadiazine have been reviewed in 2009 (4).
Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV-Infected Persons
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
Hélène Bocquet, Jean-Claude Roujeau
The standard treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis by an association of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine was shown to induce skin rashes in 7 to 75% of patients (average 28%).2,28–31 The huge variations between different studies may result from exclusion of patients with prior reaction to sulfonamides and/or from various frequency of simultaneous administration of corticosteroids in two thirds of patients in some series. A prior skin reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been shown to increase the risk of adverse reaction to sulfadiazine.32 It is not known if simultaneous administration of corticosteroid for the management of intracranial hypertension decreases the incidence of rashes. While the overall rate of reactions is about the same as with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine is nowadays the most common cause of SJS and TEN in HIV-infected persons.
Prevention and treatment of burn wound infections: the role of topical antimicrobials
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Deepak K. Ozhathil, Steven E. Wolf
Comments: Silver Sulfadiazine is the most well-known and broadly utilized antimicrobial agent for partial and full thickness burns. It was originally introduced in 1968 as Silvadene® by the Marion Corporation, but now is produced by several companies all over the world. It is bactericidal against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species). It has moderate activity against yeast (Candida albicans) and viruses. Its anti-fungal activity is limited, therefore, many formulations add Nystatin to augment its coverage [41]. Isolated reports of resistance with Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella were have occurred due to resistance genes transmissible via plasmids, but there is no evidence of widespread resistance [1,42]. Silver sulfadiazine is well-tolerated by patients due to its cooling effect. Application is also easy, though can be toxic with oral ingestion and ocular exposure.
Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
O. Atolani, H. Oguntoye, E. T. Areh, O. S. Adeyemi, L. Kambizi
The T. gondii RH strain 2 F (ATCC® 50839) was used for the anti-parasite study. The parasite was maintained by repeated passages in HFF cells cultured in DMEM (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) and supplemented with GlutaMAX™-I (Gibco, Invitrogen, UK), 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum (FCS; Gibco, Invitrogen, UK), and penicillin and streptomycin (100 U/mL; Biowhittaker, UK). HFF cells infected with T. gondii tachyzoites were passed through a 27-gauge needle to lyse them. The cell lysates were then filtered through a 5 µm filter to obtain a tachyzoite suspension free of host cell debris. The parasite suspension was washed with fresh culture medium and the in vitro parasite growth inhibition assays were performed as previously described (Adeyemi et al. 2017). Briefly, the oil extracts (reconstituted in culture medium) were incubated with freshly lysed and purified parasites in growing HFF cells in 96-well optical bottom plates (Nunc; Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, USA). Medium-treated cells served as negative drug control. Sulfadiazine was included a positive drug control. After 72 h incubation at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, the viability of the RH-2F parasite strain was determined by assaying for galactosidase activity by using a B-Glo luminescent assay kit (Promega, Madison, USA). The assay was performed in triplicate and repeated three times.
Anti-infective treatment of brain abscess
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Jacob Bodilsen, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Henrik Nielsen, Diederik Van De Beek
T. gondii is the most common protozoal cause of brain abscess and as such occur primarily in patients with HIV, cancer, organ transplant recipients or similar immuno-compromising conditions. Treatment options include pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, TMP-SMX, and atovaquone. The combination of pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine has documented clinical efficiency in 68–95% of patients [99,100]. A randomized open-label European multicenter study of 299 patients with AIDS and CNS toxoplasmosis showed that pyrimethamine-clindamycin was equally efficient as pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine in the acute phase of disease [99]. However, there was a trend in favor of pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine and relapse rates were twice as high in the pyrimethamine-clindamycin group during the maintenance phase. A randomized controlled trial of 77 patients with AIDS and CNS toxoplasmosis showed that TMP-SMX was noninferior to pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine and remains an option when intravenous therapy is needed [101]. Cure rates of 75–82% were also obtained in a non-comparative study of atovaquone combined with either pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine in 28 patients qualifying these regimens as alternatives to first line treatment [102]. For all treatment regimens, toxicity issues are significant in both the acute and maintenance phase.