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Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: Evidence-based approaches
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
James A. McGregor, Michael W. McCullough
Biophysical changes associated with bacterial vaginosis include elevated pH (>4.5), reduced redox potential, increased fluid concentrations of diamines, polyamines, and organic acids, as well as increased concentrations of enzymes, including mucinases, sialidases, IgA proteases, collagenases, nonspecific proteases, and phospholipases A2 and C (24,33–39). Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), cytokine interleukin-1a, and prostaglandins E2 and F2a are also increased in the vaginal fluid of women with bacterial vaginosis (40,41). Amines, primarily trimethyla-mine, putrescine, and cadaverine, are produced during amino acid metabolism by bacterial vaginosis–associated anaerobic bacteria (37,42). These volatile amines are released as pH increases and are responsible for the “sharp” or “fishy” odor sometimes noticed in the presence of bacterial vaginosis (37,43). Several short-chain fatty acids, including succinate, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate, are also increased in bacterial vaginosis (24). In vitro studies demonstrate that increased succinic acid dramatically impairs neutrophil phagocytic killing, response to chemotactic stimuli, and generation of respiratory bursts required for bacterial killing (44). Butyrate inhibits lymphocyte activation by release of an endotoxin (45,46).
Dietary Substances Not Required in Human Metabolism
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Succinic acid is a component of the Krebs cycle, and as such is added to several dietary supplements with accompanying claims of ergogenesis. Only one report of succinate on exercise performance was found.913 Fasted male mice (serving as their own controls) were fed 0,30, or 300 mg/kg sodium succinate, and swim tests to exhaustion started at 30, 60, and 120 min post-feeding. The only group to show improvement in swim times was the 300 mg/kg group 2 h after feeding (455 vs. 389 sec). Retesting of swim times 3 h after initial swim tests revealed no effects of succinate. Chronic feeding (7 d of 20 mg/ml succinate in drinking water) did not affect swim times. Results suggested that large doses of sodium succinate may improve exercise performance in swimming mice under certain conditions, and that extrapolation to humans would indicate that huge doses of succinate need to be studied for a possible ergogenic effect. No guidelines in humans for succinate supplementation exist at this time.
Homicide
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Burkhard Madea, Musshoff Frank, Schmidt Peter
Because of the rapid metabolization of SUX it has been suggested that succinic acid or SMC may be more reasonable analytes to indicate SUX administration in forensic cases. Succinic acid, both a metabolite of SUX and an endogenous dicarboxylic acid, has, however, been demonstrated not to be a suitable indicator of SUX exposure in forensic blood samples [116]. Additionally, in our own studies we found endogenous concentrations of SMC up to 300 ng/ml in negative control blood samples [33], a finding also described by others [100] and which therefore disqualifies SMC as a definite marker for SUX administration.
Preparation and in vivo evaluation of an intravenous emulsion loaded with an aprepitant-phospholipid complex
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Yan Li, Hong Yin, Chensi Wu, Jia He, Chunyan Wang, Bo Ren, Heping Wang, Dandan Geng, Yirong Zhang, Ligang Zhao
Then, CINVANTI®, a novel formulation of APT emulsion without Tween 80 or other synthetic surfactants, was endorsed to prevent acute or CINV (Navari & Mosier, 2019) However, few reports about APT emulsion formulations and preparation methods are available. Recently, an APT emulsion containing cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHS) was prepared through the membrane dispersion homogenization method and sterilized by high-temperature steam (Zhang et al., 2020). However, CHS can lead to nonuniformity of lipid properties when preparing liposomes in nanosystems (Augustyn et al., 2019). The pharmaceutical safety of CHS and succinic acid should also be further investigated in clinical applications. No systematic research or detailed report on the formulation and pharmacokinetics of APT injectable lipid emulsion (APT-IE) (dose: 7.2 mg/mL) has been reported so far.
Pharmacokinetic study on the interaction between succinic acid and irbesartan in rats and its potential mechanism
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Yongpeng Wang, Ruping Rui, Xiaoyan Zhang, Bin Sun
The combination of diverse drugs or herbs is a common therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in the use of traditional Chinese medicine (Parvez and Rishi 2019). The co-administration of different drugs could offer potential advantages, such as increasing efficacy and improving patient compliance, but it also brings adverse effects, such as therapy failure and toxicity (Rekić et al. 2017). Succinic acid is a major extraction of amber, which is commonly used in the therapy of arrhythmia. It has also been reported that succinic acid has various pharmacological effects, such as cardioprotective, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial (Tang et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014; Nissen et al. 2019). In the previous study, succinic acid has been demonstrated to inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s), which are a series of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous compounds (Wang et al. 2020). The activity of CYP450s has been considered as a critical factor that mediates drug-drug interaction during drug co-administration. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of succinic acid implies its potential interaction with other combined drugs.
Succinic acid inhibits the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Hao Wang, Bingyan Xia, Mei Lin, Yongpeng Wang, Bin Sun, Yuzhu Li
Succinic acid (≥98%) and testosterone (≥98%) were obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). The chemical structure of succinic acid is shown in Figure 1. d-Glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, corticosterone (≥98%), NADP+, phenacetin (≥98%), acetaminophen (≥98%), 4-hydroxymephenytoin (≥98%), 7-hydroxycoumarin (≥98%), 4′-hydroxydiclofenac (≥98%), sulfaphenazole (≥98%), quinidine (≥98%), tranylcypromine (≥98%), chlorzoxazone (≥98%), 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (≥98%), paclitaxel (≥98%), 6β-hydroxytestosterone (≥98%), clomethiazole (≥98%), and furafylline (≥98%) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (MO, USA). Montelukast (≥98%) was obtained from Beijing Aleznova Pharmaceutical (Beijing, China). Coumarin (≥98%), diclofenac (≥98%), dextromethorphan (≥98%), and ketoconazole (≥98%) were purchased from ICN Biomedicals (Costa Mesa, California). Pooled HLMs were purchased from BD Biosciences Discovery Labware. All other reagents and solvents were of analytical reagent grade.