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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Streptomycin was one of the first aminoglycosides developed and was the primary treatment for tuberculosis for a number of years. Eighth cranial nerve damage of the fetus associated with protracted maternal therapy has been reported (Conway and Birt, 1965; Donald and Sellars, 1981), and is probably a similar risk for streptomycin and other aminoglycosides.
Medical evaluation and management of pregnant patients undergoing non-obstetrical surgery
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Adjunctive antibiotic therapy is often indicated in nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. Penicillin, penicillin derivatives, and first- and second-generation cephalosporins have no reported fetal adverse effects (29). Erythromycin base, clindamycin, and azithromycin are considered safe in pregnancy. Vancomycin, although considered relatively safe, has had some case reports of fetal renal toxicity. Aminoglycosides, although used when needed, have been associated with fetal ototoxicity and real toxicity (18,29,34). Streptomycin and kanamycin have been reported to have both ototoxicity and renal toxicity. Gentamicin has not shown significant fetal ototoxicity and may be used with careful monitoring of maternal blood levels in life-threatening maternal infections (34).
DRCPG MCQs for Circuit A Answers
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Tuberculous salpingitis often results in female sterility. Tuberculosis may also affect the male genital tract (prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis) and present as non-tender nodular induration. Diagnosis may be made by endometrial biopsy showing tuberculous granulomas associated with a positive acid-fast bacilli culture. Diagnosis may also be made by an intradermal tuberculin skin test followed by a chest X-ray if the skin test is positive. According to the British National Formulary (BNF), the standard regimen for antituberculosis chemotherapy (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) may be given during pregnancy and breast-feeding. However, streptomycin is not advised during pregnancy.
Global transcriptional response of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to health-associated oral bacteria - an in vitro study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Divyashri Baraniya, Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala, Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi
This was done as described previously [13]. Briefly, OSCC cells were seeded at 25,000–35,000 cells/well, depending on the cell line, in 48 well plates (TPP, Switzerland). The cells were allowed to attach for 24 h before bacteria grown to mid-log stage were added at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 – this concentration was selected based on results from our previous study in which MOI of 100 showed the highest upregulation of selected genes [13]. The co-cultures were then incubated for additional 24 hours. For each strain, a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of streptomycin/penicillin was used to control bacterial overgrowth, as previously demonstrated [13]. All the co-cultures were performed in technical triplicates. Cells treated with culture medium devoid of bacteria were used as negative control.
Actinomycetoma by Actinomadura madurae. Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of 18 cases with two treatment modalities
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Alexandro Bonifaz, Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Denisse Vázquez-González, Leonel Fierro-Arias, Javier Araiza, Gloria M. González
This was a retrospective study of actinomycetoma cases treated in the last ten years (from January 2010 to December 2019) in a tertiary-level hospital. Patients with actinomycetoma due to Actinomadura madurae, confirmed by microbiological studies and histopathology were included. In each case, a direct examination was carried out with KOH to identify the grains, as well as the isolation in three culture media (Saboraud-dextrose agar, Lowenstein-Jensen agar, and coconut water agar), and later morphologically classified with Gram staining. The cultures were identified by biochemical tests, using the automated ATB Vitek® 1574 system (Biomèrieux), after incubation for seven days at 28 °C. Histopathological evaluation was performed with Hematoxylin & Eosin stains and periodic Schiff acid staining. Patients were treated with a conventional regimen with streptomycin (IM) 1 g on the third day (3 g weekly) up to a maximum of 50 g plus TMP/SMX 800 mg/160 mg every 12 h, continuing with TMP/SMX plus DDS 100 mg/day. In a smaller proportion of patients, streptomycin 1 g IM was used every third day (3 g weekly) up to a maximum of 50 g plus TMP/SMX 800 mg/160 mg every 12 h, continuing with TMP/SMX plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg every 12 h. In both schemes, the total duration of treatment was based on the clinical and microbiological response.
The pharmacotherapeutic management of pulmonary tuberculosis: an update of the state-of-the-art
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Ginenus Fekadu, Dilys Yan-wing Chow, Joyce H.S. You
The treatment outcomes of adding a fluoroquinolone or streptomycin for isoniazid-resistant TB were evaluated in a meta-analysis of individual patient data [19]. The patient data of 3923 patients in 23 studies were analyzed. Adding a fluoroquinolone to the conventional 6-month first-line multi-drug therapy was associated with significant improvement in treatment success rate (adjusted OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1–7.3), yet without significant impact on the acquisition of rifampicin resistance (adjusted OR 0.1; 95% CI 0.0–1.2). On the contrary, the addition of streptomycin to the conventional regimen was associated with worsening of treatment success rate (adjusted OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2–0.7). The 2019 ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA guideline recommended to include a newer-generation fluoroquinolone to the conventional 6-month regimen of daily rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for the treatment of isoniazid-resistant TB [20]. In the WHO 2020 guidelines, the 6-month multi-drug therapy using rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and levofloxacin is also recommended to patients with isoniazid-resistant TB [10]. Adding an injectable agent (such as streptomycin) to the regimen of confirmed isoniazid-resistant, rifampicin-susceptible TB is not recommended [10,19].