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Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Squalene is a fatty substance and natural emollient and antioxidant that is found in high concentrations in shark liver, though it can also be extracted from some vegetable oils. Squalane, the saturated form of squalene, chemically resembles sebum that is naturally found in the skin, and thus squalane can be well absorbed by the skin to provide nutrients and hydration effects. Squalane, especially with other ingredients such as vitamin E and hyaluronic acid, can be used for protecting against photoaging and brown spots, and for reducing fine lines and wrinkles (Barel et al., 2014). Linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid are omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids that restore transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Magdassi and Touitou, 1999). Sources of these fatty acids include seaweed of the Laminaria genus and microalgae of the Nannochloropsis genus (Bellou and Aggelis, 2013). Some halophile bacteria that reside in high salinity conditions, such as Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, produce a compound known as ectoine in response to osmotic stress. Ectoine is able to bind to water molecules, and topical administration is well-tolerated and can provide long-term hydration (Galinski et al., 1985). Collagen from fish and jellyfish can also be used as an emollient (Corbeil et al., 2000).
Glycerine in Creams, Lotions, and Hair Care Products
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
A similar two-layered skin lotion has also been claimed as follows: poly-glycerine nonylphenyl ether 10, squalane 15, glycerine 5, sodium lactate 1, ethanol 15, perfume 0.1, preservative 0.1, and water 62.8% by weight [50].
Nanoemulsion Formulations for Tumor-Targeted Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Sandip B. Tiwari, Mansoor M. Amiji
Nanoemulsions contain oil phases, surfactants or emulsifiers, active pharmaceutical ingredients (drugs or diagnostic agents), and additives (Table 35.2).5,8–10 The oil phases are mainly natural or synthetic lipids, fatty acids, oils such as medium or long chain triglycerides, or perflurochemicals. Many oils, in particular, those of vegetable origin, are liable to auto-oxidation, and their use in pharmaceutical formulations requires the addition of an antioxidant. The most widely used oils for parenteral applications are purified soybean, corn, castor, peanut, cottonseed, sesame, and safflower oils. Table 35.1 lists some of the oils that can be used for formulating nanoemulsions. Squalene has been reported to be the choice of oil for formulating stable nanoemulsions with smallest droplet size.11 Squalene, biocompatible oil, is a linear hydrocarbon precursor of cholesterol found in many tissues, notably the livers of sharks (Squalus) and other fishes.12 Squalane, a derivative of squalene, is prepared by hydrogenation of squalene and is fully saturated that means that it is not subject to auto-oxidation, an important issue from a stability point of view. Purified mineral oil is used in some W/O emulsion preparations.10 Emulsified perflurochemicals are considered acceptable for intravenous application, and many formulations involving the use of perflurochemicals have reached the marketplace.13
Squalane-based emulsion vaccine delivery system: composition with murabutide activate Th1 response
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Ravi Kantipakala, Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Sravanthi Vemireddy, Sreekanth Miryala, Sampath Kumar Halmuthur M.
Several reports in literature suggest the use of squalene and its hydrogenated form of squalane oil in formulating stable micro and nano-emulsions in preclinical and clinical studies (Shahiwala and Amiji 2008; Hippalgaonkar et al. 2010). Squalane oil was preferred over squalene due to its higher chemical stability, insusceptibility to oxidation, and metabolizing property in animal models (Fox 2009; Chen et al. 2014).