China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anesthesia and the Patient with Epilepsy
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Samantha L. Mullis, A. Donald Finek
The barbiturate family of drugs, including sodium thiopental (Fentothal), methohexital (Brevital), and thiamylal (Surital), have been used extensively by anesthesiologists for the induction of general anesthesia and in the production of a sedative and hypnotic state. In general, the barbiturates produce various degrees of CNS depression depending upon the dose utilized (40). Those drugs possessing a 5-phenyl substitution (i.e., phenobarbital) have an additional advantage of having anticonvulsant properties. Indeed, anesthetic doses of barbiturates, including pentobarbital and thiopental, have been effective in the treatment of status epilepticus and produce prompt cessation of both motor and EEG seizure activity (41).
Punishment, Crime, and Ethics
Published in Michael C. Braswell, Belinda R. McCarthy, Bernard J. McCarthy, Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 2019
Laurie A. Gould, Jack Lightfoot, Kayla Hulon
The appropriate method of execution is another area of ethical concern. The Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, but what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment? Lethal injection is thought to be a relatively painless method of execution; however, its use was challenged in two court cases, Baze v. Rees and Glossip v. Gross. Lethal injection was ruled constitutional in both cases, because plaintiffs were unable to demonstrate that the drug protocols in question created “a substantial risk of wanton and unnecessary infliction of pain, torture, or lingering death” (Baze v. Rees, 2008, para. 2). While the Supreme Court has upheld the use of lethal injection, the European Commission enacted strict controls on the exportation of the most commonly used drug, sodium thiopental. This effectively banned European pharmaceutical companies from selling drugs that could be used in executions (BBC News, 2015; European Commission, 2011). Dwindling supplies of sodium thiopental led many states to search for alternative drugs such as midazolam, hydro-morphone, and pentobarbital (Death Penalty Information Center, 2016). The death penalty will be explored in more detail in Chapter 12.
The Technique of MMECT
Published in Barry M. Maletzky, C. Conrad Carter, James L. Fling, Multiple-Monitored Electroconvulsive Therapy, 2019
The two preferred anesthetic agents are the short-acting barbiturates, methohexital sodium (Brevital®) and sodium thiopental (Pentothal®). There appears to be little to distinguish the two, although pharmacologic studies and our own experience suggest that, to a slight degree, thiopental may be more slowly metabolized. Hence it might be preferred for patients who awaken very quickly after MMECT and consequently experience greater post-MMECT agitation than usual. In our experience we have most often employed methohexital in doses of 50 to 100 mg i.v. as a single rapid bolus. As the patient is falling asleep, we ask him to count backwards from 100 to see how quickly the anesthetic is taking effect. Just as the patient is losing consciousness we reassure him all is going well and that he will feel much improved upon awakening, thus taking advantage of a presumed suggestible state at this point. (Evidence indicates, however, that such suggestions add little to the effect of ECT.) If thiopental is used, higher doses are generally necessary, with a range of 100 to 200 mg usually being sufficient.
Nonpregnant and pregnant adult female rats affected by maternal diabetes environment
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Verônyca Gonçalves Paula, Maysa Rocha de Souza, Yuri Karen Sinzato, Ana Izabel Silva Balbin Villaverde, José Eduardo Corrente, Gustavo Tadeu Volpato, Débora Cristina Damasceno
After 6 h of fasting, the nonpregnant (at PND 120) and pregnant groups (gestational day 21) were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (120 mg/kg) followed by decapitation (Faria-Neto and Santos 2008). Blood samples (controls n = 12; diabetics n = 16) were collected and processed to obtain washed erythrocytes that were used to assess oxidative stress markers. Samples were collected in heparinized tubes and immediately centrifuged at 185 × g for 10 min at 4 °C. Plasma was discarded and the erythrocytes were then washed with PBS (pH 7.4) and centrifugation at 1575 × g for 1 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was discarded. This procedure was repeated three times, and then the washed erythrocytes were divided into two aliquots for further analysis. One aliquot was diluted (1:20) into purified water to measure TBARS (lipoperoxidation biomarker), H2O2 (reactive species of oxygen metabolism), and–SH (a protein oxidation marker) levels. For SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, measurements, another aliquot was diluted into stabilizing solution of 2.7 mM EDTA and 0.7 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (1:20). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined with Drabkin’s solution and according to the diluent used (purified water or stabilizing solution) (Tentor and Salvati 1981). The levels of TBARS, SH, H2O2, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were measured following procedures modified from de De Souza et al. (2010).
Antihypertensive effect and the underlying mechanisms of action of phytolaccagenin in rat models
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Imran Ul Haq, Taseer Ahmad, Taous Khan, Abdul Jabbar Shah
Blood pressure (BP) was measured (in vivo) in SD male rats of weight 180–250 gm, as previously described (13). Sodium thiopental (40–100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to normotensive rat to induce anesthesia. An incision (approximately 1.5–2 cm) was made in the neck region of rat, and trachea, jugular vein, and carotid artery were exposed. Polyethylene tubing (PE-20) was inserted into the trachea of the anesthetized rat to maintain respiration spontaneously, and the left carotid artery was cannulated with polyethylene tubing (PE-50) filled with saline containing heparin (60 IU/mL), which was attached to a pressure transducer coupled with the PowerLab (ML 846) Data Acquisition System (ADInstruments Australia). This connection was used to record the blood pressure (calculated as mean arterial pressure; MAP). Heparinized saline (0.1 mL) was injected into rats to prevent the formation of blood clot. Polyethylene tubing (PE-50) cannula was inserted into the right jugular vein for the injection of standard drugs and phytolaccagenin. A lamp was used to maintain the body temperature of the rat at 37°C.
The Defensive Action of LYRM03 on LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by NF-κB/TLR4/NLRP3 Signals
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Bin Wang, Jiaoyue Wang, Daopeng Lu, Na Qi, Qin Liu
The rats were randomly separated into 6 groups (n = 8): the sham group, LYRM03 (20 mg/kg) group, LPS (5 mg/kg) group, LPS + LYRM03 (5 mg/kg) group, LPS + LYRM03 (10 mg/kg) group, and the LPS + LYRM03 (20 mg/kg) group. The rats were intratracheally treated with LPS (5 mg/kg) followed by intraperitoneally administered LYRM03 (at 1 and 12 h after LPS). The sham rats were intratracheally treated with equal volume of PBS. The medical procedure was performed as formerly defined by He et al. [12]. The serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the lung tissue were obtained at 24 h after LPS. The rats were killed by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg sodium thiopental at the end of the investigation. Biological analyses were performed on the obtained blood samples. Morphological, biological, and molecular studies were conducted on the collected lungs.