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Tooth Whitening Materials
Published in Linda Greenwall, Tooth Whitening Techniques, 2017
Sodium perborate powder has long been used as a whitening agent. It was often used on its own as a cleansing agent and as a mouthwash (Bocasan, Oral-B, Procter & Gamble). It was used in combination with hydrogen peroxide owing to its synergistic effect to speed up the reaction of the oxidation. In 1965, Nutting and Poe recommended its use in internal whitening in combination with 35% hydrogen peroxide to be sealed inside the root canal. The effect of combining these two products was to create 50% hydrogen peroxide, which is very strong, to seal inside a non-vital tooth. In recent years, Internet suppliers of tooth whitening products were supplying it as a “safe” option because it was considered to contain no hydrogen peroxide, and so it was in effect below the “official legal” whitening limit. However, in the breakdown process of the sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide is released. It is thus important to look at the chemistry.
Antiseptics *
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Boric acid (H3BO3) is a white compound that is soluble to the extent of 5% in water at 20°C. Sodium borate, or borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O), is a white compound that is soluble to the extent of 14% in water at 55°C. Sodium perborate (NaBO3·4H2O) is a white compound that is slightly soluble in cold water and decomposes in hot water. Boron oxide is used in industry. Pentaborane, decaborane, and diborane are used as propellants.
Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
John Sheppard, Bridgitte Shen Lee, Laura M. Periman
Topical ocular medications may promote the development of DED due to their potential allergic, toxic, or inflammatory effects that disrupt the tear film layer, inhibit aqueous secretion by the lacrimal glands, or damage the ocular surface epithelium, corneal nerves, or eyelids [72]. For example, glaucoma medications or other topicals containing preservatives like benzalkonium chloride may contribute to DED by inducing ocular surface irritation and damage leading to dysfunction [2,72–74]. In high risk patients requiring these medications, PCCs may consider alternatives like preservative-free agents or agents with less harmful preservatives (e.g. sodium chlorite, sodium perborate, or polyquaternium-1) [2,75]. Other topical medications potentially promoting DED include prostaglandin analogues, which are used in the treatment of glaucoma or eyelash hypotrichosis and may cause obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction leading to DED [76–78]. Topical medications with an osmolarity or pH that disturbs the normal tear film may also worsen DED [72].
Further optimisation of a macromolecular ocular irritation test (OptiSafeTM)
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2023
Stewart Lebrun, Sara Chavez, Linda Nguyen, Roxanne Chan
In addition, the protocol was modified so that materials that buffer to an extreme pH with a criteria not met (CNM) result are then retested using the OS mid-range pH buffering PCHP. This resulted in additional substances being classified. Specifically, diethylaminopropionitrile (CASRN 5351–04-2) previously resulted in CNM for all replicates [10]; however, upon retesting with the updates, this substance met the criteria. Likewise, imidazole (CASRN 288–32-4) was CNM for [10]; however, the retest met the criteria. Sodium perborate tetrahydrate (CASRN 10486–00-7) was CNM for all OS replicates [10]. However, with retest, it met the criteria. The change in the PCHP pre-test solubility assessment resulted in the assignment of 2,5-dimethylhexanediol (CASRN 110–03-2) as insoluble for retesting. Additionally, butanedioic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt (CASRN 577–11-7) was retested using the insoluble procedure. Both of these cases resulted in the correct GHS category 1 classification; but when previously tested, both chemicals were underpredicted. When the change in the buffering capacity PCHP pre-test was applied to 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (CASRN 4659–45-4), the predicted classification did not change. Similarly, the allyl alcohol (CASRN 107–18-6) and sodium chloroacetate (CASRN 3926–62-3) pre-tests indicated a mid-range PCHP but the predicted classifications did not change. Tables 3 and 4 show the resulting differences in the PCHPs.
Current and new pharmacotherapeutic approaches for glaucoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Wesam Shamseldin Shalaby, Vikram Shankar, Reza Razeghinejad, L. Jay Katz
Concern over the toxicity of BAK has led to the development and use of alternatives including polyquaternium-1 (polyquad), stabilized oxychloro complex, sodium perborate, and an ionic buffered preservative (SofZia) [78]. Studies of prostaglandins preserved with BAK or polyquad found minimal differences in adverse effects between the two groups. The use of Purite and SofZia may result in lower rates of ocular surface disease in comparison to BAK. In patients with the known ocular surface disease, the use of preservative-free medications (timolol, dorzolamide, dorzolamide-timolol, latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost, bimatoprost-timolol, tafluprost-timolol) [81] may decrease adverse effects and improve tolerability. As such, it may be prudent to minimize exposure to preservatives in the perioperative period and in patients with coexisting ocular surface disease, multiple eye drops, or proven allergies [80].