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Total Body Neutron Activation
Published in Stanton H. Cohn, Non-Invasive Measurements of Bone Mass and Their Clinical Application, 2020
Sodium iodide detectors are most commonly used at present. Detector sizes vary from a few millimeters to configurations subtending solid angles approaching 4 sr. Efficiency of the detector depends on the solid angle subtended as well as on the inherent efficiency of the detection system.
Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Over several years experimentations took place with materials such as lead, barium salt and bismuth to create a form of chemical contrast, which resulted in the first experimental angiogram of an amputated hand in Vienna by Haschek and Lindenthal in 1896. The use of contrast media in clinical imaging was established in the 1920s thanks to the search for a treatment for syphilis using iodine. In 1923 it was discovered that patients treated with sodium iodide produced radio-opaque urine and, after a short period of research, it was used as a contrast agent in a femoral arteriogram. Sodium iodide, however, was extremely toxic and poorly tolerated by patients. The pioneer of variations to sodium iodide was a USA physician named Moses Swick, who researched agents that would have better tolerance and lead to the formation of today’s modern contrast agents.
Biochemical and Pharmacological Rationales in Radiotracer Design
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Principles of Radiopharmacology, 2019
Raymond E. Counsell, Nancy Korn
The development of the cyclotron (in the late 1930s) and the nuclear reactor (in the early 1940s) produced a variety of radionuclides potentially useful for diagnostic application. These were generally inorganic in nature and were used initially as tracers for their stable counterparts. Iodine-131 as sodium iodide became available and replaced iodine-128 for assessment of thyroid function and structure. Moreover, the β-radiation associated with iodine-131 made it useful for treatment of hyperthyroidism and residual thyroid cancer after surgery.
Radiobiological and social considerations following a radiological terrorist attack; mechanisms, detection and mitigation: review of new research developments
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Tanya Kugathasan, Carmel Mothersill
Another type of agent given after the event of radiological exposure is mitigators. These are agents which can protect against some of the harmful effects by preventing or limiting the likelihood of adverse biological outcomes. An ideal mitigator would be orally ingested or a skin patch (Moulder 2014). However, radiation skin injuries make it quite problematic for the utilization of skin patches. It is important that the drugs used should have efficacy in multiple organ systems so that multiple drugs are not needed for different organ injuries (Moulder 2014). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were developed as hypertensive agents, however have found efficacy against a range of cardiac and renal diseases. Radioactive Iodine mostly raises concern due to the damage to the thyroid gland resulting in cancer or hyperthyroidism. This is commonly treated with the uptake of Sodium Iodide (NaI) or Potassium Iodide (KI). Iodine uptakes allow for a saturable process in the thyroid, hence preventing radioactive iodine from entering the thyroid (Anderson and Bokor 2013). The amount of dosage of KI depends on the age of the individual and the amount of natural iodine in the soil and hence the diet of exposed individuals. Infants between the ages of 1–3 have a dose intake of 32 mg, whereas adults have a dose intake of 130 mg (Anderson and Bokor 2013). It is still important to note however that KI does not protect against other internal radioisotopes or external radiation.
Preclinical optimization of Ly6E-targeted ADCs for increased durability and efficacy of anti-tumor response
Published in mAbs, 2021
Josefa Dela Cruz Chuh, MaryAnn Go, Yvonne Chen, Jun Guo, Hanine Rafidi, Danielle Mandikian, Yonglian Sun, Zhonghua Lin, Kellen Schneider, Pamela Zhang, Rajesh Vij, Danielle Sharpnack, Pamela Chan, Cecile de la Cruz, Jack Sadowsky, Dhaya Seshasayee, James T. Koerber, Thomas H. Pillow, Gail D. Phillips, Rebecca K Rowntree, C. Andrew Boswell, Katherine R. Kozak, Andrew G. Polson, Paul Polakis, Shang-Fan Yu, Peter S. Dragovich, Nicholas J. Agard
Iodine-125 (125I) was obtained as sodium iodide in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide from Perkin Elmer. Indirect iodinations were done as previously described using 1 mCi of 125I (3 µL) to randomly iodinate tyrosine residues at a specific activity of ~5-8 mCi/mg with 125I using iodogen tubes (Pierce). Indium-111 (111In) was obtained as indium chloride in 0.05 N hydrogen chloride from BWX Technologies, Inc. Radiosynthesis of 111In-labeled antibodies (5–9 mCi/mg) was achieved through incubation of 111InCl3 and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-conjugated (site directed through cysteines) monoclonal antibody in 0.1 mol/L HEPES pH 5.5 at 37°C. Purification of all radioimmunoconjugates was achieved using NAP5 columns equilibrated in PBS and confirmed by radio-size-exclusion chromatography.
Production, characterization, and in vivo half-life extension of polymeric IgA molecules in mice
Published in mAbs, 2019
T. Noelle Lombana, Sharmila Rajan, Julie A. Zorn, Danielle Mandikian, Eugene C. Chen, Alberto Estevez, Victor Yip, Daniel D. Bravo, Wilson Phung, Farzam Farahi, Sharon Viajar, Sophia Lee, Avinash Gill, Wendy Sandoval, Jianyong Wang, Claudio Ciferri, C. Andrew Boswell, Marissa L. Matsumoto, Christoph Spiess
Iodine-125 [125I]was obtained as sodium iodide in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide from Perkin Elmer (Boston, MA). 1 mCi of 125I (~3 µL) was used to label randomly through tyrosine residues at a specific activity of ~10 μCi/μg with 125I, using the indirect Iodogen method (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL). Radiosynthesis of 111In labeled antibodies (~8 μCi/μg) was achieved through incubation of 111In and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane−1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-conjugated (randomly through lysines) antibody in 0.3 M ammonium acetate pH 7 at 37°C for 1 h. Purification of all radioimmunoconjugates was achieved using NAP5 columns equilibrated in PBS and confirmed by SEC.