China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Phenylpropanoids are a simple but broad chemical class biosynthesized in plants. Compounds from this chemical class are produced in the shikimic acid pathway, being a derivate of phenylalanine or tyrosine. Phenylpropanoids contain a carbon backbone of C6–C3 and are also known as cinnamic acids. In Plantae kingdom this chemical class is responsible for protecting plants against herbivores, solar radiation, thermal stress, microorganisms and drought (Neelam and Sharma 2019). Within Amazon species specifically, eugenol and thymol are interesting compounds present in high concentration in EOs.
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Illicium verum Hook. f. is an aromatic evergreen tree that grows up to 15 meter tall. It is native to southern China and Vietnam and is cultivated mainly in these countries. The tree can also be found in Jamaica, Laos, Philippines, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan (10). Star anise, the star-shaped dried composite fruit of Illicium verum, is widely used in Chinese (as an ingredient of the traditional five-spice powder of Chinese cooking), Indian, Malaysian and Indonesian cuisines and also in the production of alcoholic beverages such as sambuca, pastis and some types of absinthe (1,2,3,4,5,8, 9,10). Star anise is also very important in Chinese traditional medicine (1,2,4,7). Furthermore, star anise is the industrial source of shikimic acid, a primary ingredient used to create the antiviral drug, oseltamivir phosphate which is regarded as a remedy for the bird flu H5N1 strain of virus (1,2).
Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Felipe Gonzalez
Hydroxybenzoic acids are produced by the shikimate (ester of shikimic acid) pathway in various plants, bacteria, and fungi. The pathway consists of seven enzymes: DAHP synthase, 3-dehydroquinate synthase, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, shikimate dehydrogenase, shikimate kinase, EPSP synthase, and chorismate synthase. Hydroxybenzoic acids’ core structure contains a C6-C1 skeleton with seven carbon molecules. Some hydroxybenzoic acids are gallic, ellagic, and syringic acids (Figure 5.10). Tannins are a subgroup of hydroxybenzoic acids and two kinds of tannins are found: hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable. Hydrolysable tannins usually contain a central carbohydrate moiety. Hydrolyzable tannins are complex and usually biosynthesized by the condensation of various flavans. Hydroxybenzoic acids that contain anticancer activity are Gallic, ellagic, and syringic acid. Two tannins viz. cuphiin D1 and Oenothein Bhave been reported to contain limited anticancer activities. Their mechanism of inhibition is unknown.
Analysis of the urinary metabolic profiles in irradiated rats treated with Activated Protein C (APC), a potential mitigator of radiation toxicity
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Shivani Bansal, Sunil Bansal, Brian L. Fish, Yaoxiang Li, Xiao Xu, Jose A. Fernandez, John H. Griffin, Heather A. Himburg, Marjan Boerma, Meetha Medhora, Amrita K. Cheema
The prominent upregulation of shikimic acid pathway indicate IR-induced intestinal injury resulting in disturbances across related physiological events (Sun et al. 2020). Following metabolism by the disrupted gut microbiota, higher urinary levels of phenylacetylglutamine are suggestive of kidney dysfunction (Barrios et al. 2015). Perturbations in the oxalate and glyoxylate metabolism could also cause hyperoxaluria, a condition with elevated urinary levels of oxalate causing the buildup of calcium oxalate in the urine, and thus the eventual formation of kidney stones, a key cause of nephrolithiasis (Holmgren et al. 1978; Bhasin et al. 2015). Kidney malfunction due to late radiation effects is known characteristic of WAG/RijCmcr rat model post 90 days of IR exposure (Moulder and Fish 1997; Moulder 2014; Fish et al. 2016).
Synthesis, biological activity and molecular modelling studies of shikimic acid derivatives as inhibitors of the shikimate dehydrogenase enzyme of Escherichia coli
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Dulce Catalina Díaz-Quiroz, César Salvador Cardona-Félix, José Luis Viveros-Ceballos, Miguel Angel Reyes-González, Franciso Bolívar, Mario Ordoñez, Adelfo Escalante
The shikimic acid (SA) pathway is the common route for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis existing in bacteria, fungi, yeasts, plants, algae and certain Apicomplexa parasites but it is absent in mammals1. This pathway is essential as is involved in the generation of structural blocks for protein synthesis, vitamins and electron-carrier compounds such as cofactors and quinones2–4. In recent years, enzymes of the SA pathway have been recognised as new prominent targets for enzyme inhibition discover because of their roles in microbial cell survival, understood biochemistry and presence in the clinically relevant spectrum of species5. In this sense, much effort has been made to the design of molecules that might act as antibacterial, fungicidal, antiparasitic and herbicidal agents harmless to humans.
GC-MS metabolites profiling of anethole-rich oils by different extraction techniques: antioxidant, cytotoxicity and in-silico enzymes inhibitory insights
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dina M. El-Kersh, Nada M. Mostafa, Shaimaa Fayez, Tarfah Al-Warhi, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohamed A. Salem
In the pharmaceutical field, the essential oils are generally regarded as safe and have been approved by the FDA for their use in the management of flatulence, muscle spasm, and colic, however common adulterants like Japanese star anise fruits (Illicium anisatum) are not edible due to reported neurotoxicity3. Star anise has likewise been reported to display strong antiviral activity4. It is also an industrial source of shikimic acid, the precursor of the anti-avian flu (H5N1 strain) medication oseltamivir (Tamiflu®)4. For that reason, metabolite profiling of star anise can be of great importance in its identification and quality control analysis.