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Recent Developments in Therapies and Strategies Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Misbah Hameed, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Oseltamivir is used against viruses like influenza A type “A H1N1, A H2N2, type A H3N2, type A H5N1,” and type B influenza viruses. It also has activity against influenza strain that caused the pandemic of 1918 Spanish flu [30]. Several clinical trials included oseltamivir but did not show any therapeutic intervention and once influenza has been excluded the role of oseltamivir has been decreased. It is also under trials for its effectiveness along with HCQ and Azithromycin. Few other clinical trials have been registered (NCT04261270 and ChiCTR2000029603) for the evaluation of the role of oseltamivir in combination and alone against COVID-19. A study conducted in Wuhan however do not demonstrate its positive outcome on COVID-19 patients [31]. The dose approved for COVID-19 is 75 mg for 5 days in combination with other drugs.
Conventional Pharmacological Strategies, Investigational Drugs, and Immunotherapies for COVID–19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Subhra Bhattacharya, Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey
Oseltamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, is an antiviral agent originally implemented for the management of influenza A and influenza B. This antiviral agent under clinical trials failed to show promising results in relation to the treatment of COVID-19 cases with adverse reactions like gastrointestinal complications, arrhythmia, hepatic complications, and anaphylaxis. The research community does not recommend its use for COVID-19 patients as extensive studies are required (Tan et al., 2020; US National Library of Medicine, 2020b).
Respiratory Diseases
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Aref T. Senno, Ryan K. Brannon
The standard therapeutic dose for oseltamivir is 75 mg twice daily for 5 days [83]. Oseltamivir is the preferred agent for treatment in pregnancy due to decreased lung volume in pregnancy. The standard therapeutic dose for zanamivir is two inhalations (10 mg) twice daily for 5 days; this drug should be avoided in case of chronic respiratory disease, including asthma. If oseltamivir resistance is suspected, use zanamivir. The standard therapeutic dose for peramivir is 600 mg IV given over 15–30 minutes. Adamantane anti-viral agents including amantadine and rimantadine were historically used in treatment of Influenza A. However, treatment of influenza with these medications has been abandoned due to high rates of resistance.
The protective effect of 999 XiaoErGanMao granules on the lungs and intestines of influenza A virus-infected mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yuan-zhen Hao, Li-feng Cen, Ting Wang, Tong Yi, Xun-long Shi, Hui-juan Duan, Zhi Dai, Hai-yan Zhu, Jian-guo Tang
Although several anti-influenza virus drugs have been discovered and applied, drug resistance continues to emerge as the influenza virus continues to change abnormally, which reduces the effectiveness of the drugs. In addition, these anti-influenza drugs have various gastrointestinal adverse reactions. For example, the most common adverse reactions of oseltamivir are nausea and vomiting; zanamivir may cause bronchospasm; peramivir may cause diarrhea. The results of a genetic meta-analysis (Dobson et al. 2015) suggested that oseltamivir in adults with influenza accelerates time to clinical remission and reduces the risk of lower respiratory tract complications and hospital admissions, but increases the incidence of nausea and vomiting. Researchers are also concerned about whether the adverse reactions of these drugs outweigh their therapeutic effects. Therefore, TCM with milder efficacy is deemed a preferable treatment option for influenza infection in China.
Variant influenza: connecting the missing dots
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Vivek Chavda, Rajashri Bezbaruah, Tutumoni Kalita, Anupam Sarma, Juti Rani Devi, Ratnali Bania, Vasso Apostolopoulos
Both zanamivir and oseltamivir are equally effective against influenza A and B. The drug zanamivir is available as a dry powder inhaler, which is prescribed to treat acute influenza infections in individuals more than 7 years of age who have had symptoms for more than 48 hours [136,137]. Zanamivir is also used as prophylaxis in influenza in 5 years and above patients. Oseltamivir capsule is recommended for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza A or B in anyone over the age of one who has had symptoms for less than 48 hours. Oseltamivir is recommended as a preventive measure against influenza infection in children under the age of one year. Furthermore, Tamiflu is also recommended to treat influenza. Both zanamivir and oseltamivir, are two antiviral medicines licensed for prophylaxis as well as the treatment of influenza in the US [21,138,139]. Oseltamivir is the medication of choice for both prevention and therapy. The antiviral drug oseltamivir is generally well tolerated. Increased doses, especially those above 300 mg per day, may cause gastrointestinal adverse effects like nausea and vomiting. Bronchitis, sleeplessness, and vertigo are all possible adverse effects. Pseudomembranous colitis, angina, and peritonsillar abscess have been recorded less frequently. Anaphylaxis and skin rashes have been reported occasionally [138].
Updates in the management of respiratory virus infections in ICU patients: revisiting the non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Ouriel Saura, Juliette Chommeloux, David Levy, Benjamin Assouline, Lucie Lefevre, Charles-Edouard Luyt
Early administration of oseltamivir (≤2 days after symptoms onset) has been advocated in lights of several observational data. Rodriguez et al. analyzed the outcomes of ventilated patients for severe influenza regarding the timing of oseltamivir administration (early: within 2 days after symptoms onset; late: >2 days after symptoms onset) [38]. Patients with early administration had fewer ICU-LOS (14 [8.75–24] vs. 17 [11 – 30] days, for early vs. late administration, respectively, p = 0.03), fewer days on IMV (10 [5 – 18] vs. 13 [8 – 23] days, for early vs. late administration, respectively, p = 0.04) and lower mortality rates (21.5% vs. 34.3% for early vs. late administration, respectively, p = 0.03). In multivariable analysis, early administration of oseltamivir was associated with mortality reduction (OR 0.44, 95% IC 0.21–0.87, p = 0.02).