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Medicinal Plants of Mongolia
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Narantuya Samdan, Odonchimeg Batsukh
Chemical constituents: Since it belongs to the Senecio family, the plant contains many PAs such as 7- and 9-angeloylplatynecine, fuchsisenecionine, sarracine, 6-angeloylhastanecine, 7- and 9-angeloylretronecine, doriasenine, triangularine, 7-senecioylretronecine, 7-senecioyl-9-sarracinoylretronecine, platyphylline, senecionine, nemorensine, retroisosenine, bulgarsenine, doronenine, and the nitrogen oxides of these compounds in various concentrations (Altanchimeg, 2001).
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) is a perennial, herbaceous plant native to Europe, which was introduced to the eastern United States. Coltsfoot is used medicinally as a cough suppressant, but senecionine and senkirkine present in coltsfoot demonstrate the highest mutagenetic activity of any known PAs.
Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Species- and/or gender-difference in susceptibility to the PA-induced toxicities are mainly due to the variations in the balance between bioactivation pathways to pyrrolic esters (and DHP-derived adducts) and detoxification pathways to less or nontoxic metabolites such as hydrolyzed products. For example, high rates of hydrolysis to the necine base provided explanation for the resistance of guinea pig to the toxicities of retronecine-type PAs (Dueker et al. 1992), whilst the low rates of pyrrolic metabolite formation may explain the resistance to senecionine in sheep (White et al. 1973). Male-specific isozymes CYP3A- and CYP2C11-catalyzed formation of toxic pyrrolic esters led to the marked gender difference in rats where male rats were more susceptible to senecionine- or clivorine-induced toxicity (Williams et al. 1989; Lin et al. 2003). Clivorine was predominantly hydrolyzed by microsomal carboxylesterases in female rats with the pyrrolic ester formation as a minor pathway (Lin et al. 2003). To date, there is no report on such a gender difference in humans. However, it is conceivable that individual variations in CYP3A abundance and activity (i.e. genetic polymorphism, herb-drug interactions) may result in marked difference in metabolic profiles and susceptibilities towards PA-induced toxicity in humans.
Critical review of renal tubule karyomegaly in non-clinical safety evaluation studies and its significance for human risk assessment
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Only one example of chemically induced renal tubule karyomegaly was found in this species. Harding et al. (1964) investigated poisoning in a small group of Landrace X Wessex pigs by Senecio jacobea (ragwort), which contains a mixture of pyrrolizidine alkaloids including senecionine and jacobine. The pigs were fed a commercial pig meal mixed with ground sun-dried ragwort on a daily basis. At 28 days, mild nuclear enlargement was observed in the proximal convoluted tubule, progressing to moderate karyomegaly at 56 days, and then to marked and frequent nuclear enlargement by 91 days. The photographic illustrations however, showed a modest increase in nuclear size with no strikingly large nuclei.