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Intestinal Failure
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Rashmi Patil, Elizabeth King, Jeffrey Rudolph
Long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) are of special consideration as they are a major trophic factor for intestinal adaptation, but require micelle formation and are not absorbed well in the small intestine. The optimal fat source to facilitate optimal absorption in patients who have undergone significant intestinal resection may be a combination of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs, which do not require micelle formation) and LCTs. Patients without a colon tolerate diets that are high in fat (30%–40% of total energy intake). Those with an intact colon may experience steatorrhea and magnesium/calcium loss with high-fat intake due to the process of saponification. Saponification occurs when the unabsorbed fat combines with calcium and/or magnesium to form soaps. The soaps prevent these ions from interacting with oxalate as they would in normal individuals. This, in turn, enhances oxalate absorption in the colon and needs excretion by the kidneys, increasing risk for oxalate renal stone formation. It may be necessary to restrict oxalate intake or provide calcium supplements to reduce the risk of oxalate renal stone formation.
Analysis of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Adriana Arigò, Mariosimone Zoccali, Danilo Sciarrone, Peter Q. Tranchida, Paola Dugo, Luigi Mondello
The use of qualitative information alone is not sufficient to correctly characterize an essential oil, and quantitative data are of extreme importance. Classical methods are generally focused on chemical groups, and the assessment of quantitative information through titration is widely applied (e.g., for the acidimetric determination of saponified terpene esters). Saponification can be performed with heat, and in the case readily saponified esters are to be investigated, in the cold, and afterwards the alkali excess is titrated with aqueous hydrochloric acid; thereafter, the ester number can be calculated. A further test is the determination of terpene alcohols by acetylating with acetic anhydride; part of the acetic anhydride is consumed in the reaction and can be quantified through titration of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide. The percentage of alcohol can then be calculated. The latter method is applied when the alcoholic constituents of an essential oil are not well known, in the case these are established, the oil is saponified and the ester number of the acetylated oil is calculated and used to estimate the free alcohol content.
Standardization of Herbal Drugs
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
The petroleum ether, acetone, and alcoholic extracts are refluxed separately with a solution of alcoholic potassium hydroxide until complete saponification takes place. The saponification mixture is diluted with distilled water and extracted with ether. The ethereal extract is evaporated and the residue (unsaponifiable matter) is subjected to Liebermann's and Burchard's tests.
Discovery of a new class of triazole based inhibitors of acetyl transferase KAT2A
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Roberta Pacifico, Nunzio Del Gaudio, Guglielmo Bove, Lucia Altucci, Lydia Siragusa, Gabriele Cruciani, Menotti Ruvo, Rosa Bellavita, Paolo Grieco, Mauro F. A. Adamo
The synthesis of compounds 26a-e has been carried out following a procedure previously reported12. Pyridine azides 2a-e were reacted with alkynes 25a,b to give triazoles 26a-evia a CuAAc cycloaddition protocol (Table 2)50. Pyridine-based triazoles 26a-d were obtained in high yields (Table 2). Considering that carboxylates were found better ligands by virtual screening, as highlighted in the docking results (Table 1), we then proceeded with the hydrolysis of esters 26a,b and 26d,e to reveal the corresponding acids 27a-d (Table 3). This entailed standard saponification using a solution of potassium hydroxide, which provided 27a-d in good to high yields.
Topical creams of piperine loaded lipid nanocarriers for management of atopic dermatitis: development, characterization, and in vivo investigation using BALB/c mice model
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Pravin Kumar, Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Mahendra Singh Ashawat
The acid value is associated with the free fatty acids content. A free acid content higher than 6.5 can leads to skin irritation following application on the skin (Ashawat et al.2008). The acid values of all the cream formulations were acceptable with less potential for skin irritation. The saponification value reflects the presence of free esters, which can influence the formula stability and pH. A saponification value in the range of 10 to 30 is generally acceptable (neither too low nor too high) for the skin formulations (Saraf et al.2010). The saponification values of all the creams were acceptable and satisfactory for formulation stability. No significant difference was observed in the results of viscosity, spreadability, acid, and saponification value of piperine creams and base cream. The drug content of all the formulations was satisfactory and acceptable.
Reduction of mussel metamorphosis by inactivation of the bacterial thioesterase gene via alteration of the fatty acid composition
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Xiao-Meng Hu, Junbo Zhang, Wen-Yang Ding, Xiao Liang, Rong Wan, Sergey Dobretsov, Jin-Long Yang
Fatty acids from BFs were extracted using the following method: First, 5 × 108 cells ml−1 of the initial cell concentration of P. marina were applied to develop BFs on glass Petri dishes for 48 h. Second, BFs were centrifuged at 3,630 g for 15 min. BF precipitates were collected and frozen at −80 °C for 24 h. Third, frozen BFs were lyophilized using a freeze-dryer (LABCONCO, Kansas City, MO, USA) for 48 h. Fourth, the bacterial powder was mixed with 2 ml of the NaOH-CH3OH (2 mol l−1) solution in a centrifuge tube. This mixture was kept at 70 °C in a water bath for 10 min to carry out the saponification reaction. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. Next, 2 ml of n-hexane (Sinopharm, Shanghai, China) were added to the centrifuge tube. After natural layering, the n-hexane phase was discarded. Next, 2 ml of 10% H2SO4-CH3OH solution were added to the remaining solution and mixed fully, and the centrifuge tubes were incubated in a 70 °C water bath for 15 min to carry out the methyl esterification reaction. Once the liquid was cooled naturally, 2 ml of n-hexane were incorporated and blended fully. Finally, when the liquid was separated, the n-hexane phase was collected for GC-MS analysis.