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Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Santonin (190) has been used as vermicide against roundworm. C. blakesleeana and A. niger converted 190–187 (Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 1998). When 187 was fed by A. niger for 1 week to give 2β-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-α-santonin (188%, 39%) as well as 1β-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-α-santonin (195, 6.5%), 9β-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-α-santonin (196, 6.9%), and α-santonin (190, 5.4%), which might be obtained from dehydroxylation of 188, as a minor component (Hashimoto et al., 2001a,b), compound 188 was isolated from the crude metabolite of γ-cyclocostunolide (171) by A. niger as mentioned earlier (Figure 23.60).
S
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Santonin Principle constituent of the plant Artemisia maritima, known to the Greeks, Romans and Arabians as a wormicide. Dioscorides (AD 40–90) mentioned seeds which he used as treatment for Ascarides and Lumbrici around AD 60. Alexander of Tralles (525–605) advocated its use against intestinal worms. It is a derivative of naphthalene and was isolated in 1829 by Kahler from Dusseldorf. Augustus Alms, a druggist’s assistant at Penzlin, independently isolated it and named it santonin in 1830. It was a popular remedy against Ascaris lumbricoides in the 19th century.
The health centre
Published in Christopher Aldous, Akihito Suzuki, Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945–52, 2011
Christopher Aldous, Akihito Suzuki
Kisarazu Health Centre in Chiba was certainly one of the best health centres before the war, and its report is an eloquent testimony to its activities.4 It was established in January 1938 for eight towns and 29 villages, with a total population of 136,000. In the latter half of 1938, it conducted about 4,000 health consultations. Since the majority of those who visited the health centre for consultation came from its immediate vicinity, an effort was made to reach residents who lived far away and check them with advanced equipment such as microscopes, centrifuge tubes and the devices to measure blood sedimentation rate. The consultation service in total discovered 644 patients with tuberculosis, and the three nurses home-visited more than one-third of them. Parasitological surveys of hookworms and ascaris was another focus of the centre's work, which found between one-fifth and one-third of the surveyed population to be infected. Vermifuge such as santonin was given to them. The living conditions of the rural population were surveyed in three villages. Wells were surveyed and chemical analysis of well-water was conducted. The content of school lunches was also examined.5 The pattern of receiving medicine was a target of extensive survey in two villages, which found more than 80 per cent of medical expenditure was paid to doctors, and 12–14 per cent was for over-the-counter drugs. Eugenic consultation had three questions about marriage and tuberculosis, addressing marriage and venereal disease, family life and impotence. The centre also accepted medical students of Tokyo Imperial University for fieldwork in rural public health for four months. The Kisarazu health centre was a vigorously active institution, a textbook example of the new public health.
The potential of Artemisia species for use as broad-spectrum agents in the management of metabolic syndrome: a review
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim, Nyasha Charity Mukonowenzou, Dawoud Usman, Kehinde Ahmad Adeshina, Kennedy Honey Erlwanger
The toxicity of Artemisia depends on the species, the dosage, and duration of intake (Wright 2001). The monoterpenoid thujone, found in Artemisia species, particularly A. absinthium has been reported to be neurotoxic (Lachenmeier 2010; Di Lorenzo et al.2018). Reports show that thujone intake above a range of 11–12.5 mg/kg/day in small mammals and above 15 mg/kg/day in humans trigger toxicity symptoms (National Toxicology Program 2011; Di Lorenzo et al.2018). Similarly, the lactone, santonin, common in several Artemisia species (e.g. A. absinthium and A. campestris) has also been reported to be toxic in children and adults at doses of 60 mg and 200 mg respectively (Khares 2007). Also, A. monospermia and A. herba-alba have been reported to cause reproductive problems such as abortion and female infertility in female rats (Akour et al.2016). Therefore, great caution should be exercised in their traditional application.
Modeling of quantitative relationships between physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients and tensile strength of tablets using a boosted tree
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Yoshihiro Hayashi, Takuya Oishi, Kaede Shirotori, Yuki Marumo, Atsushi Kosugi, Shungo Kumada, Daijiro Hirai, Kozo Takayama, Yoshinori Onuki
Generally, IER values vary according to raw material properties. For example different IER values of several excipients such as MCC, and partially pregelatinized starch, dibasic calcium phosphate dehydrate were reported [17]. Moreover, the effects of disintegrants incorporated into tablets according to IER values were compared [18]. We took these previous studies into account when measuring the IER of the tablets. IER values varied from 9.47 to 16.19 (Figure 1(d)), suggesting that API characteristics strongly affected the IER. For instance, the IERs of diclofenac sodium and dipyridamole were the highest, while kanamycin sulfate and santonin had the lowest.
Selective COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent review (2014-2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Sayyed Mohammad Ismail Mahboubi Rabbani, Afshin Zarghi
A group of scientists synthesized some new COX-2 inhibitors from α-santonin [71]. They tested these compounds on radiation-induced fibrosarcoma cell line (RIF-1) and understood that compounds (20a), (20b), & (20c) blocked COX-2 activity by an acceptable score (Figure 21). Apparently, some of the derivatives inhibited the transcription process of COX-2 gene while not directly inhibiting the activity of the enzyme.