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Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Sanguinarine (Figure 12.25) is a benzophenanthridine quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid isolated from the Papaveracea family of plants such as Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), Argemone mexicana (Mexican prickly poppy), Chelidonium majus, and Macleaya cordata. It is also found in the leaves, stem, and root of Fumitory species of the opium poppy (i.e., papaveraceae), but not in the capsule. It contains a positively charged quaternary nitrogen grouping in one of its central rings, and is one of the most widely researched benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Structure of the alkaloid sanguinarine.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
As alternative source to some opium alkaloids, bloodroot has a very limited market in some American herbal shops. Bloodroot is extensively used in cough remedies, almost always with other herbs like spikenard root, balm of gilead bud, white pine, and wild cherry bark, as in Compound White Pine Syrup and other compound concoctions.29 Indians once stained their bodies with the bloody preparation, with the intent of frightening their enemies. Used also for dyeing cloth. Captain John Smith reported that the Indian maidens selected to cohabit with him painted their bodies with bloodroot. Protopine can induce brachycardia experimentally. Sanguinarine, which can induce glaucoma in experimental animals, is anticancer, antiseptic, and locally anesthetic. Once used by the Amerindians to aid in divination.18 New England Indians squeezed juice from the root into maple sugar lump as a lozenge for sore throats. Flowers have been used in herbal tea.27 Some Indians chewed the root and spat the juice onto skin burns. The extract is active against tuberculosis.
Acute Renal Failure and Toxic Nephropathies in the Developing World
Published in Meguid El Nahas, Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
J. Prakash reported ARF complicating epidemic dropsy. Dropsy, resembling bery bery, is caused by ingestion of mustard oil adulterated with seeds of Argemone mexicana, occurring in an epidemic or endemic form, mostly in India although also observed in Mauritius and South Africa (5). The disease is characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances, edema, heart failure, pyrexia, glaucoma, cutaneous pigmentation and nodular eruption. Sanguinarine is a toxic alkaloid from oil obtained from the seeds of A. mexicana. This substance interferes with the oxidation of pyruvic acid, which accumulates and causes dilatation of capillaries and small arterioles. Pasricha and colleagues (6) showed that toxicity of contaminated mustard oil could be eliminated by heating to 240 C for 15 minutes. The product is absorbed by the skin and contaminated oil used for massage has been reported to cause dropsy (7). Extensive vascular dilatation in the deeper layer of the skin is characteristic in dropsy. The basic lesion is a proliferation of capillaries below the skin due to producing the mottling and blanching (8). Similar changes are observed in the lungs, cervix, ovaries, intestines, and liver. Disturbances of the heart and circulation are prominent in nearly all cases. ARF in epidemic dropsy is most likely the result of renal hypoperfusion caused by marked peripheral vascular dilatation, heart failure, and volume depletion as a consequence of diarrhea and vomiting. The widespread capillary damage of internal organ is a common feature in dropsy. The possibility of intrarenal capillaries and glomeruli damage cannot be ruled out (5).
In vitro anti-biofilm efficacy of sanguinarine against carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Yuting Fu, Wanting Liu, Miao Liu, Jianing Zhang, Min Yang, Ting Wang, Weidong Qian
Plant-derived products are increasingly attracting widespread attention, in particular for their promising antibacterial/anti-biofilm effects (Yu et al. 2018). Sanguinarine (C20H14NO4+) is a natural plant-derived benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted mainly from the bloodroot plant Sanguinaria canadensis, which exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities (Kuttikrishnan et al. 2019). The methods available for sanguinarine extraction from plants include maceration, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction and percolation, of which MAE was determined to be the most effective method and was capable of yielding 17.10 ± 0.4 mg g−1 sanguinarine from fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. (Zhang et al. 2005). Furthermore, sanguinarine can potently inhibit several pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Psoroptes cuniculi (Obiang-Obounou et al. 2011; Zhong et al. 2017). However, to date, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of sanguinarine against carbapenem-resistant S. marcescens have not been studied. This study aimed mainly to assess the anti-biofilm activity of sanguinarine against CRSM, along with its underlying antibacterial mode of action.
Black salve treatment of skin cancer: a review
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Zinc chloride and bloodroot, contained in salve formulations, are two of the most well-known escharotic agents. Zinc chloride has been used to debride chronic leg ulcers and osteomyelitis bone (22,23). Bloodroot contains sanguinarine, a benzylisoquinolone alkaloid derived from the Sanguinaria canadendis plant species. Sanguinarine has been demonstrated to show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects (2,24). There is emerging data that sanguinarine has therapeutic benefit against cancer.
Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of Macleaya cordata extracts in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Li-Xia Shen, Gao-Feng Liu, Ji-Shuang Song, Yu-Hang Cao, Xiong Peng, Rong-Rong Wu, Yan Cao, Xiao-Jun Chen, Zhaoying Liu, Zhi-Liang Sun, Yong Wu
The composition of the MCE used in this study was 40% SA, 20% CHE, and 40% sulphate. The dosages of SA and CHE in the high-dose was 5 mg·kg−1 body weight and 2.5 mg·kg−1 body weight, respectively. Similar administration methods and doses have been reported in the literature. In one study, Chelidonium majus L extract (suspended with 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, containing about 5.48 mg·kg−1 dose of SA and 2.2 mg·kg−1 dose of CHE) was intragastrically administered to male Wistar rats, and the pharmacokinetics was studied (Zhou et al. 2013). In our study, the T1/2 of SA in male rats was 2.7 h shorter and Tmax was 0.42 h longer in high dose, whereas our T1/2 of CHE in male rats was 0.83 h shorter, and the Tmax was similar. Compared with other studies, Vecera et al. performed a pharmacokinetic study of sanguinarine in male Wistar rats after a single intragastric administration. The dose of sanguinarine used in their study (10 mg·kg−1) was about twofold higher than that in our study (Vecera et al. 2007). However, compared with the two studies, our pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and AUC were lower, and T1/2 and Tmax were prolonged respectively. There are some differences between our results and these past studies. The reasons for these differences may be related to the method and dose of administration, the variety and metabolic status of rats. The pharmacokinetic results of SA in other animals found that chicks fed fodder containing Sangrovit as an additive (30 mg Sangrovit added into 1.0 kg fodder) for 45 days, had a T1/2, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC(0-t) of 4.2h, 0.38 h, 0.90 ng·mL−1 and 0.75 mg·(mL·min)−1, respectively (Xie et al. 2015). After a single oral administration of 0.1 mg.kg−1 CHE to pigs, Zhao et al. found the Cmax and AUC(0-t) were 5.04 ± 1.00 ng·mL−1 and 19.85 ± 13.57 ng·mL−1, respectively (Zhao et al. 2021). These findings show that there are some species differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of SA and CHE in rats.