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The sixteenth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Gerard refers to the various parts of plants and notes that barrenwort (Epimedium sagittatum, or horny goatweed, an aphrodisiac) ‘beareth his seed in very small cods’; that meadow-saffron (Colchicum autumnale, or naked lady, an anti-inflammatory agent) ‘bringeth forth his long cods with seed’; and that in the Indian swallow-wort (Chelidonium majus, or greater celandine, a uterine stimulant) ‘there come in places two cods’. Henry Bradley in his A Middle-English Dictionary (1891) defines ‘cod’ as a bag, husk or scrotum and Joseph Shipley in his Dictionary of Early English (1955) explained that a ‘codpiece’ was a bagged appendage in the front of the tight-fitting hose or breeches worn by men in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. The word was often used for the organs it did not conceal. Cupid was called ‘the king of codpieces’ in Shakespeare’s Loves Labor’s Lost.
Fluorescence in Phytopreparations
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
The complex phytopreparation Papilite is based on the oil from Chelidonium majus that includes more than 40 other medicinal valuable components, such as propolis (a waxy glue made by bees), Melaleuca alternifolia, mimeo or shilajt, brakshun, oleum Hippophae, castorium of beaver, etc. This preparation has been applied to papillomas with visible success. Effective application occurs due to alkaloids such as chelerythrine, sanguinarine, and others. In Figure 5.2, besides maximum of chlorophyll peak 675–680 nm, one can see in the fluorescence spectra the characteristic maximum in the 540–600 nm range, which includes the contribution mainly of the above-mentioned alkaloids. In any case, the emission with a peak 575 nm of the main active drug alkaloid, chelerythrine, of Chelidonium majus (Golovkin et al. 2001), is predominant in the probe and show antifungal features (Parvu et al. 2013).
Integrating Homeopathy in Mainstream Medicine: Homeopathy in Cancer Management
Published in Anne George, Snigdha S. Babu, M. P. Ajithkumar, Sabu Thomas, Holistic Healthcare. Volume 2: Possibilities and Challenges, 2019
He started regaining his physical strength slowly and progressively. Thereafter, we started him with Chelidonium majus mother tincture twice a day, as an organ specific remedy and Carcinosin 1 M as an intercurrent medicine. He was under strict clinical supervision with periodic lab investigations to assess the progress of disease (Table 11.6).
Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of Macleaya cordata extracts in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Li-Xia Shen, Gao-Feng Liu, Ji-Shuang Song, Yu-Hang Cao, Xiong Peng, Rong-Rong Wu, Yan Cao, Xiao-Jun Chen, Zhaoying Liu, Zhi-Liang Sun, Yong Wu
The composition of the MCE used in this study was 40% SA, 20% CHE, and 40% sulphate. The dosages of SA and CHE in the high-dose was 5 mg·kg−1 body weight and 2.5 mg·kg−1 body weight, respectively. Similar administration methods and doses have been reported in the literature. In one study, Chelidonium majus L extract (suspended with 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, containing about 5.48 mg·kg−1 dose of SA and 2.2 mg·kg−1 dose of CHE) was intragastrically administered to male Wistar rats, and the pharmacokinetics was studied (Zhou et al. 2013). In our study, the T1/2 of SA in male rats was 2.7 h shorter and Tmax was 0.42 h longer in high dose, whereas our T1/2 of CHE in male rats was 0.83 h shorter, and the Tmax was similar. Compared with other studies, Vecera et al. performed a pharmacokinetic study of sanguinarine in male Wistar rats after a single intragastric administration. The dose of sanguinarine used in their study (10 mg·kg−1) was about twofold higher than that in our study (Vecera et al. 2007). However, compared with the two studies, our pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and AUC were lower, and T1/2 and Tmax were prolonged respectively. There are some differences between our results and these past studies. The reasons for these differences may be related to the method and dose of administration, the variety and metabolic status of rats. The pharmacokinetic results of SA in other animals found that chicks fed fodder containing Sangrovit as an additive (30 mg Sangrovit added into 1.0 kg fodder) for 45 days, had a T1/2, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC(0-t) of 4.2h, 0.38 h, 0.90 ng·mL−1 and 0.75 mg·(mL·min)−1, respectively (Xie et al. 2015). After a single oral administration of 0.1 mg.kg−1 CHE to pigs, Zhao et al. found the Cmax and AUC(0-t) were 5.04 ± 1.00 ng·mL−1 and 19.85 ± 13.57 ng·mL−1, respectively (Zhao et al. 2021). These findings show that there are some species differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of SA and CHE in rats.
How can we improve the safe use of herbal medicine and other natural products? A clinical pharmacologist mission
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Elena Y. Enioutina, Kathleen M. Job, Lubov V. Krepkova, Michael D. Reed, Catherine M. Sherwin
Consumers generally consider marketed DSs as a safe alternative to conventional medications and often believe they can consume as much as they want. However, the use of DSs, especially in excessive amounts, can lead to multiple untoward effects, including severe adverse reactions and toxicity. The most common involve allergic reactions and hepatotoxicity [29–32]. Bunchorntavakul and Reddy reviewed nine studies conducted between 2000 and 2008 and identified that 2–73% of hepatotoxicity cases were associated with the use of medicinal herbs and DSs [31]. More recent studies from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) demonstrated that the percentage of NP/DS associated liver injuries has increased from 7% in 2004–2005 to 20% in 2013–2014 [33]. According to this study, many cases of hepatotoxicity were associated with the use of multicomponent DSs [33]. Teschke and Eickhoff report the mechanisms of hepatic injury that are primarily dose-independent idiosyncratic, unpredictable, dose-independent, immunologically or metabolically driven, or intrinsic, a predictable and dose-dependent injury [34]. Clinical presentations of herb-associated liver injury range from asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes in the blood (i.e. alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) to cholestasis and even acute liver failure resulting in liver transplant. R-value is a significant factor in determining the degree and pattern of hepatic injury [30]. This value is defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/upper limit of normal levels of ALT divided by alkaline phosphatase (APT)/upper limit of normal APT. R-value ≥5 suggests hepatocellular, < 2 cholestatic, and between 2 and 5 mixed patterns of liver injury. Stournaras and Tziomalos suggest that many herbal preparations induce hepatocellular liver injury [30]. The use of bodybuilding supplements has been associated with cholestasis, while the use of high doses of green tea extracts can result in hepatic injury [30,33]. Germanders (Teucrium chamaedrys L.), Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.), Babchi (Psoralea corylifolia L., Boh-Gol-Zhee) Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.), Chaparral (Larrea tridentate (DC.) Coville), Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemose) are examples of medicinal herbs with known hepatotoxic properties [30–32]. Recent case reports suggest that concomitant use of excessive amounts of MHs (e.g. ginger and Eleuthero) may potentiate conventional drug hepatotoxicity [35,36].
Power of proteomics and progress in precision medicine – 13th central and eastern European proteomic conference (CEEPC), Ustroń, Poland
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Suresh Jivan Gadher, Piotr Widlak, Hana Kovarova
Day 2 of the Conference commenced with the ‘Biotechnology and New Approaches’ session with a talk by Jacek R. Wisniewski (Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany) on ‘Absolute quantitative proteomics of blood,’ where mass spectrometry-based proteomics was compared to ‘Total Protein Approach’ (TPA) where the calculation of protein abundances is based on spectral intensities acquired on a large scale. Combination of the TPA method combined with Multi-Enzyme Digestion – Filter-Aided Sample Preparation (MED-FASP) together with sample digestion strategy – facilitated accurate quantification of plasma proteins and highlighted this technology as a powerful tool for investigation of blood cells and vesicles. A presentation on, ‘The effect of low oxygen on the proteomic signature and functional features of pig Adipose Derived Stromal/Stem Cells (pASCs): Implication in skin wound healing’ by Joanna Bukowska (Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland), employed diverse technologies of which Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) analysis revealed that pASCs are sensitive to oxygen level alterations. Most of differentially expressed proteins reflected cell’s adaptation to low oxygen tension, supporting pASCs survival and possible enhanced regenerative potential in vivo. A fascinating presentation entitled, ‘Analysis of the antibacterial properties of Naja ashei snake venom components’ by Aleksandra Bocian (Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland), focused on novel antibiotics from snake venom. Naja ashei venom is known to have antibacterial properties and studies showed that the phospholipase A2 and L-amino acid oxidases, as well as fragments of these enzymes, are mainly responsible for the bactericidal properties of venoms and possibly useful in designing of novel antibiotics effective against drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Similarly, Mariola Słowińska (Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland) added to the excitement by presenting her research on the cysteine-rich protein identified as cysteine-rich venom protein-like isoform X2 (CRISP-V) which is most abundant in turkey seminal plasma and yet its functionalities are not fully understood. This session concluded with a presentation from Robert Nawrot (Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Experimental Biology, Poznan, Poland) who discussed Major latex protein (CmMLP) isolated from medicinal plant Chelidonium majus. Using enabling technologies, this study highlighted the presence of alkaloids and low molecular compounds, interactivities of which may be responsible for the beneficial properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and fungistatic properties, which could be utilized for benefit of mankind.