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Endocrine Disorders, Contraception, and Hormone Therapy during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that regulates glucose metabolism and other metabolic processes. Human insulin does not cross the placenta in physiologically significant amounts, but non-human insulin does. Subcutaneous injection is the usual route of administration for insulin, but in an emergency or during a stressful situation where a high degree of control is needed (e.g., labor, surgery), intravenous insulin is used to rapidly lower blood glucose.
Nanoparticle Synthesis and Administration Routes for Antiviral Uses
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
João Augusto Oshiro-Júnior, Kammila Martins Nicolau Costa, Isadora Frigieri, Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andréo
The oral route of administration is the most commonly used in the ingestion of medications because it is a more comfortable means for the patient; it’s versatile, with no pain, and possible to be administered by the patient himself (self-administered) (Sastry et al. 2000; Fuhrmann and Fuhrmann 2017; Fan et al. 2018). However, it is contraindicated for patients who have difficulty or are unable to swallow (dysphagia) the pharmaceutical form (Sastry et al. 2000), in addition to those who have any inconvenience present in the digestive tract and may develop nausea and vomiting. In addition, the presence of food can interfere with the speed of absorption of the drug (Fleisher et al. 1999). Aiming at these disadvantages, it is understood that drugs administered orally are not applicable for emergencies due to the numerous barriers that must be crossed and, consequently, the drugs’ slow absorption (Shreya et al. 2018; Homayun et al. 2019).
Early Pregnancy Loss
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Lisa K. Perriera, Beatrice A. Chen, Aileen M. Gariepy
Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue. It is a uterotonic that results in cervical softening and contractions that expel the products of conception. Routes of administration include vaginal, oral, buccal, or sublingual. Side effects vary, based on route of administration [26].
Pentapeptide modified ethosomes for enhanced skin retention and topical efficacy activity of indomethacin
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Jiangxiu Niu, Ming Yuan, Hongying Li, Yao Liu, Liye Wang, Yanli Fan, Yansong Zhang, Xianghui Liu, Lingmei Li, Jingxiao Zhang, Chenyu Zhao
Compared with oral administration and other routes of administration, transdermal topical administration could reduce gastrointestinal side effects and the number of drugs entering the blood circulation, thereby reducing systemic adverse effects. Therefore, the transdermal route is one of the ways to overcome the problems of oral NSAIDs (El Maghraby, 2010). However, the stratum corneum (SC) limits the number of drugs entering the active epidermis and dermis, resulting in drug waste and poor clinical efficacy after topical administration (Kapoor et al., 2017). Studies have shown that the preparation of drugs in appropriate dosage forms for topical administration can effectively increase topical absorption and retention of drugs, thereby increasing the topical efficacy activity (Aragao Horoiwa et al., 2020).
Opportunities for enteral drug delivery for neonates, infants, and toddlers: a critical exploration
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Nicole Sheena Kaneria, Catherine Tuleu, Terry Ernest
Currently, treating children under 2 is skewed toward parenteral drug delivery, responding to a clinical need for fast and acute treatment of the seriously ill. For perspective, the European Union Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT) records 760 clinical trials conducted in children <2 since it began in 2004, of which ~72% were parenteral products [25]. However, oral drug delivery remains highly desirable, as suggested by O’Brien et al, 2019 [11], as it is better suited to long-term treatments, can be administered (or via enteral tubes) at home, and off-sets parenteral route limitations: punctuation and pain, risk of phlebitis, infection, electrolyte imbalance, fluid overload, incorrect dose volume measurement, and limited/difficult intravenous access [2,18,26]. There is prospect for the rectal route of administration as it bypasses these limitations and those associated with oral delivery for fast treatment, but there is an attached stigma to this route.
Fentanyl use disorder characterized by unprescribed use of transdermal patches: a case report
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Cavid Guliyev, Zehra Olcay Tuna, Kültegin Ögel
Fentanyl is a pure mu receptor agonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier rapidly. Its analgesic effect is 75–100 times higher than that of morphine.1 The routes of administration for prescribed use include oral, intravenous, epidural, transdermal, intranasal, and transmucosal routes. Transdermal fentanyl patch (TFP) has been widely used as an effective analgesic since 1990.2 TFP has several clinical advantages, such as long-acting analgesic effect and low incidence of undesirable side effects compared to morphine. Owing to such features, the use of TFP has been accepted as a noninvasive method for pain relief.3 Because of its low molecular weight and lipophilic properties, fentanyl is easily absorbed through skin.4 TFPs are available in doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mcg/hour. The effect of fentanyl lasts for up to 72 hours when used as transdermal patches.2 Compared to other forms, TFPs have a reduced possibility of misuse due to the fact that TFPs release the drug in a sustained and long-acting manner with a stable serum concentration.5 In addition, it is accepted that the risk of developing tolerance and use disorder is minimal because it rarely causes euphoria.6