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Orders Norzivirales and Timlovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
In order to get dyed particles to be introduced into ecological studies, the phage MS2 (but not MS2 VLPs in this case) was labeled at that time with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC), fluorescein, 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein (5-DTAF), or rhodamine B (Gitis et al. 2002a, b). The FITC and 5-DTAF were used for the conjugation of lysine residues. The rhodamine B and fluorescein labelings were performed by using 1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (DEC) together with the dye. This procedure resulted in permanent attachment without covalent conjugation of the dye, probably due to DEC-assisted caging of the fluorescent labels in the hydrophobic environment of the dye.
Medicinal Plants of the Trans-Himalayas
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Ajay Sharma, Garima Bhardwaj, Pushpender Bhardwaj, Damanjit Singh Cannoo
Ganie et al. (2014) examined the in vitro antioxidant and anticancer potential of various extracts obtained from whole plant of A. benthamii. The DPPH radical scavenging potential was reported to be highest in an ethyl acetate extract (87.99%) and lowest in the aqueous extract (73%) at a concentration of 700 μg/mL, while the reducing power potential of various extracts increased with increase in concentration and the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest reducing power potential (IC50 165 μg/mL). Again, the ethyl acetate extract (IC50 60 μg/mL) showed better results among all extracts tested in vitro for lipid peroxidation (Fe2+/ascorbic acid-induced) in rat liver microsomes. Further, different extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water) also exhibited DNA protection potential from damage induced by hydroxyl radicals in calf thymus DNA. Further, the cytotoxic potential of different extracts (10–100 μg/mL) was evaluated using the sulfur-rhodamine B assay against leukemia, lung, pancreatic, prostate, and colon human cancer cell lines (HOP-62, A549, PC-3, THP-1, HCT-116, and MIA-Pa-Ca). Among different lines of cancer cells tested, THP-1, HOP-62, MIA-Pa-Ca, and A549 were the most sensitive when treated with a menthol extract of A. benthamii at a concentration of 100 μg/mL and produced percentage inhibitions of 90%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively.
Chimeric VLPs
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
As mentioned briefly in the Dyed phage particles section of Chapter 6, the phage MS2, but not MS2 VLPs, was labeled at that time with (i) fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) (ii) fluorescein, (iii) 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein (5-DTAF), and (iv) rhodamine B (Gitis et al. 2002a). The FITC and DTAF were used for the conjugation of lysine residues. The rhodamine B and fluorescein labeling were performed by using 1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (DEC) together with the dye. This procedure resulted in permanent attachment without covalent conjugation of the dye, probably due to DEC-assisted caging of the fluorescent labels in the hydrophobic environment of the dye. The fluorescent phage MS2 was introduced into ecological studies as a new tracer for the investigation of pathogen transport in porous media (Gitis et al. 2002b).
Cubosome-based thermosensitive in situ gelling system for intranasal administration of lamotrigine with enhanced antiepileptic efficacy
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Amira Mohamed Mohsen, Abeer A. A. Salama, Marwa Hasanein Asfour
Lamotrigine (LTG) was purchased from Baoji Guokang Bio-Technology Co., LTD, Mainland China. Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) was procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Poloxamer 407 (P407), ethanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific, UK. Tween® 80 (Tw80) (extra-pure, 99%) was purchased from Riedel-de Haën, Italy. Rhodamine B (RhB) was procured from Acros Organics. Pilocarpine was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Atropine sulphate was purchased from international laboratory, San-Francisco-Ca, USA. Kits employed for the measurement of Ca+2 and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were purchased from Biodiagnostic, Egypt. ELISA kits employed for detection of gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) was procured from NOVA, Beijing, China. ELISA kits employed for determination of serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh) levels were obtained from Sunlong Biotech Co., LTD, China. ELISA kits used to measure glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and carbon reactive protein (CRP) were purchased from SunRed Shanghai, China. Other materials were of analytical grade.
Effects of a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine gluconate on the development of in vitro multi-species biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Yuki Suzuki, Tatsuya Ohsumi, Toshihito Isono, Ryoko Nagata, Taisuke Hasegawa, Shoji Takenaka, Yutaka Terao, Yuichiro Noiri
In order to evaluate the entire biofilm structure after being incubated for 6 days, the biofilms were stained with 5 µg ml−1 of Rhodamine B (Wako pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) for 5 min at room temperature in the dark, as previously described (Ohsumi et al. 2015), and then observed using a CLSM. Rhodamine B is a counterstaining dye that reveals the amount of biomass of a substance independent of its activity (Rani et al. 2007). Stacks of the fluorescent images were collected and digital reconstruction of the images was conducted by the methods described (Rani et al. 2007). In order to quantify the bio-volumes of bacterial cells and their matrix, the total number of red pixels of the samples in the five fields were enumerated using MetaMorph image analysis software, as described previously (Takenaka et al. 2016).
Dual drug-loaded cubic liquid crystal gels for transdermal delivery: inner structure and percutaneous mechanism evaluations
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Xiaoqin Chu, Xingqi Wang, Chunling Tian, Liu Liu, Mengqiu Xia, Jianqin Jiang, Shuangying Gui
As exhibited in Figure 8, QS (representative SH-loaded LC gel) had strong fluorescence intensity on the epidermis after 0.5 h on rat skin, while there was almost no fluorescence in the dermis. Fluorescence occured in the epidermal layer and the dermis after 1 h and became intenser in 2 h. Meanwhile, QR (representative CA-loaded LC gel) was acting on 0.5, 1 and 2 h in order to enter the dermis from the epidermis in vitro. However, compared with sodium fluorescein, rhodamine B entered more into the skin at the same time point. After CbS (representative SH-loaded carbomer gel) acted on 0.5 h on the rat skin, the fluorescence intensity of the epidermis was comparatively weak and a little fluorescence in the dermis simultaneously.There was a slight fluorescence distribution in the epidermis and dermis at 1 h. The intensity in the dermis strengthened at 2 h, nevertheless, it was still lower than that of the corresponding LC gel. CbR (representative CA-loaded carbomer gel) was similar to the QR in penetration rate, but only decreased in permeability.