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Orders Norzivirales and Timlovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
In order to get dyed particles to be introduced into ecological studies, the phage MS2 (but not MS2 VLPs in this case) was labeled at that time with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC), fluorescein, 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein (5-DTAF), or rhodamine B (Gitis et al. 2002a, b). The FITC and 5-DTAF were used for the conjugation of lysine residues. The rhodamine B and fluorescein labelings were performed by using 1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (DEC) together with the dye. This procedure resulted in permanent attachment without covalent conjugation of the dye, probably due to DEC-assisted caging of the fluorescent labels in the hydrophobic environment of the dye.
Fluorescence in Histochemical Reactions
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
Hydrogen peroxide detection may be carried out with 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF)-based probes or dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR)-based dyes. Probes based on DCFH-DA (dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) cross the plasma membrane, and esterases cleave the acetate groups to produce DCFH, which is oxidized to DCF, an anthracene-like chemical structure that is capable of fluorescence. The same scheme can be applied to DHR-based probes; at the top of DCF molecules formulae are amino (-NH2) groups in the case of rhodamine 123. The third possibility is to use Amplex Red® dye, which undergoes oxidative deacetylation in the presence of cellular peroxidases, leading to the production of fluorescent resorufin.
Development of Ethosome Formulation for Topical Therapeutic Applications
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Mansoureh Nazari Vishkaei, Mohamed B. Khadeer Ahamed, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid
There is another similar study on methotrexate, which is an anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-psoriatic, highly hydrosoluble agent, and it has a drawback of limited transdermal permeation as reported by scientific investigation (Agrawal et al., 2013). The researchers developed and optimized a formulation of methotrexate enveloped in ethosomes vesicles, and thus the permeability of skin of the ethosomal formulation was found to be increased by several folds compared to the naked drug molecule. The permeability of skin was tested using permeation profile of rhodamine red loaded with the formulation onto the topical layer of the skin. The ethosomal enveloped methotrexate maintained its capability of penetration even in different pathological skin conditions such as inflamed, discolored, or other diseased conditions.
HIF1α-siRNA and gemcitabine combination-based GE-11 peptide antibody-targeted nanomedicine for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in pancreatic cancers
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Chengjie Lin, Zhigao Hu, Guandou Yuan, Huizhao Su, Yonglian Zeng, Zhenya Guo, Fudi Zhong, Keqing Jiang, Songqing He
The cellular uptake study was conducted in Panc-1 cancer cells. Briefly, 3 × 105 cells were seeded in each well of 6-well plate and incubated for 24 h. The cells were then exposed with fresh media containing GML and GE-GML as a representative non-targeted and targeted liposomes. The nanocarriers were incubated for 2 h and then media was removed and washed twice with PBS. The cells were then treated with Lysotracker Green as a lysosome staining agent and again incubated for 10 min. The cells were washed again two times and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min. The cells were then mounted on a glass slide (cover slip) and viewed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Rhodamine B was used as a fluorescent probe to track the particle movement in cancer cells.
Formation of organosilica nanoparticles with dual functional groups and simultaneous payload entrapment
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2018
Ya-Ling Su, Chien-Yu Lin, Shih-Jiuan Chiu, Teh-Min Hu
Rhodamine 6 G is a commonly used fluorescent dye for in vitro cell labelling and detection (Tang et al. 2007). The apparent toxicity of R6G, however, limits its potential use in the in vivo conditions (Alford et al. 2009). Recently, R6G-organic-salt nanoparticles have been studied as promising anticancer agents (Magut et al. 2013). In this present study, we investigated the extent to which the cytotoxic activity of free R6G may be modified by organosilica encapsulation. Figure 6 shows the result in a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Apparently, nanoparticle encapsulation reduces the cytotoxicity by about 4-fold (IC50: 9.6 μM vs. 2.3 μM for NPs and free R6G, respectively; after 24-h treatment); however, the retaining cytotoxicity is sufficient for potential tumour targeted therapy with a better safety profile (Magut et al. 2013).
Multistage delivery of CDs-DOX/ICG-loaded liposome for highly penetration and effective chemo-photothermal combination therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Xiao Xue, Ting Fang, Luyao Yin, Jianqi Jiang, Yunpeng He, Yinghui Dai, Dongkai Wang
Recent years have seen increased activities in developing multifunctional nanomaterials that can enable bioimaging, disease detection, and drug delivery simultaneously (Liang et al., 2014; Maldiney et al., 2014; Wolfbeis, 2015; Yang et al., 2015). One may first differentiate between two kinds of fluorescent imaging. The first involves imaging based on fluorescent chemical agents (such as rhodamine). The second covers methods for imaging of samples or cells that have been made fluorescent using synthetic fluorescent probes, labels, or NPs (Reina et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2015). Carbon dots (CDs), a new class of carbon-based nanomaterial, has received considerable attention due to its fascinating optical properties, unique surface activity, as well as excellent biocompatibility appear to be promising candidates for drug/gene delivery carrier (Zheng et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2016; Yuan et al., 2017). Furthermore, the average size of CDs would be smaller than 10 nm, which might achieve fairly high tumor permeability in the course of drug delivery. Previously, we reported the development of CDs functionalized with a nuclear localization signal-carbon dots (NLS-CDs) for cell nucleus imaging. In the architecture, DOX was covalently conjugated to NLS-CDs through a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond using hydrazinobenzoic acid as a linker. The results indicated that the NLS-CDs may server as a prospective candidate for nucleus targeted drug delivery (Yang et al., 2015).