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Probiotics and their Effect on Maternal and Neonatal Health
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Caroline J Hollins Martin, Colin R Martin
Lactobacillus reuteri is bacteria that naturally inhabits the GI tract of humans and was originally identified by Kandler et al. in 1980. Lactobacillus reuteri produces reuterin in the GI tract, which inhibits growth of Escherichia coli (Cleusix et al., 2008). Oral intake increases secretion of Lactobacillus reuteri in breast milk (Sinkiewicz and Nordstrom, 2005), which is then transferred into the GI tract of breastfeeding infants (Abrahamsson et al., 2005), thus affording them infection protection. Further evidence supports that Lactobacillus reuteri partially eradicates Helicobacter Pylori, which causes peptic ulcers (Imase et al., 2007), Streptococcus Mutans which causes tooth decay (Nikawa et al., 2004) and is effective at alleviating gingivitis (Krasse et al., 2006). In addition, adults who take probiotics containing Lactobacillus reuteri have been recorded to have 50% less sick episodes (Tubelius, 2005).
Synbiotics, a Fusion of Probiotics and Prebiotics, and Biogenics against Oral Biofilm-Associated Diseases
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Tomoko Ohshima, Tomomi Kawai, Yukako Kojima, Nobuko Maeda, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
Reuterin, an antibacterial substance (also known as 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde; molecular weight, 74 Da; composition formula, C3H6O2), is a product of glycerol fermentation which has been seen in several probiotic bacteria. These probiotic bacteria include L. reuteri [53], L. brevis, L. buchneri [54] and L. collinoides [55]. Under anaerobic conditions, L. coryniformis [56] also produces a low molecular weight antimicrobial substance that does not contain amino acids [57]. Reuterin was found to exert its antibacterial effects by causing oxidative stress within bacterial cells [58]. In addition to reuterin, low molecular substances produced by lactobacilli, reutericyclin [59] and dyacetyl [60], have also been shown to be effective against the yeast forms of Candida [61].
Feeding strategy shapes gut metagenomic enrichment and functional specialization in captive lemurs
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
E. A. McKenney, Thomas M. O'Connell, Allen Rodrigo, Anne D. Yoder
Bacteria typically ferment glycerol to 1,3-propandiol (1,3-PDO) with 3-hydroxypropanal (3-HPA) as an intermediate.18 While most glycerol reducing species efficiently reduce glycerol to the end product, 1,3-PDO, some lactobacilli are known to accumulate 3-HPA.19 In aqueous solution the 3-HPA becomes hydrated and dimerized, forming an equilibrium set of compounds known as reuterin.20 Reuterin may have significant health modulating effects due to its broad antimicrobial activity against pathogens21 and commensal gut bacteria.22 The low levels of glycerol in P. coquereli could indicate efficient metabolism of glycerol to either 1,3-PDO or potentially 3-HPA. Thus, the presence of reuterin in the very long gut of the P. coquereli could help to maintain a healthy microbiome via colonization resistance.
Reuterin disrupts Clostridioides difficile metabolism and pathogenicity through reactive oxygen species generation
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Melinda A. Engevik, Heather A. Danhof, Ritu Shrestha, Alexandra L. Chang-Graham, Joseph M. Hyser, Anthony M. Haag, Mahmoud A. Mohammad, Robert A. Britton, James Versalovic, Joseph A. Sorg, Jennifer K. Spinler
In conclusion, our data show mechanistically that reuterin generates ROS resulting in impaired metabolism of C. difficile that could decrease fitness in the GI tract and prevent C. difficile from effective nutrient competition. Reuterin decreased C. difficile virulence and protected HIEs by reducing toxin production. Furthermore, reuterin increased susceptibility of C. difficile to vancomycin and metronidazole, a synergistic effect that could potentially lower the dose and duration of antibiotics required to treat CDI. Taken together, these data are an indication of the promise reuterin holds through co-delivery of L. reuteri and glycerol as a probiotic adjuvant to traditional C. difficile therapies.
Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Arghya Mukherjee, Cathy Lordan, R. Paul Ross, Paul D. Cotter
Metabolic transformations of specific compounds in the gut by the resident microbiota can be critical to human health. Substances can be taken up in the intestine that cannot be detoxified or broken down by the human body and thus, can result in toxicogenic effects. Eubacterium spp. have been shown to be capable of carrying out important metabolic transformations in the gut with positive effects on human health including detoxification of toxic compounds into much more benign forms. Multiple beneficial transformations by E. hallii were recently reported by Fekry et al. In their study, Fekry et al. found E. hallii to be highly proficient in the transformation of a highly abundant food-derived heterocyclic aromatic amine carcinogen – 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) into a biologically unavailable form – 7-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[3′,2′:4,5]imidazo [1,2-α]pyrimidin-5-ium chloride (PhIP-M1).193 Additionally, PhIP transformations by E. hallii in the presence of simulated proximal and distal colon microbiota led to a 300-fold and 120-fold increase in its abundance, respectively, indicating great potential for use as a protective agent. In the same study, Fekry et al. also observed E. hallii to be capable of metabolizing glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA), which exists as reuterin in aqueous solutions. Interestingly, reuterin has been shown to have inhibitory effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and yeast, possibly through increasing oxidative stress by modulating intracellular glutathione, thereby making it an attractive target for therapeutics.194