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Latin American Endemic (Wild) Medicinal Plants with High Value
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, María C. González, Ricardo D.D.G. de Alburquerque, Ninoska Flores, Alberto Giménez-Turba, Feliza Ramón-Farias, Leticia M. Cano-Asseleih, Elsa Rengifo
Table 8.1 contains information about the pharmacological effects, the useful parts, and the ethnobotanical uses, together with the communities that exploit the plants. The reviewed literature revealed that 13 different quinoline alkaloids, substituted at the C-2 and C-4 positions, have been isolated and characterized (1H-13C-NMR, MS) as the active components in the extracts of different organs from Evanta (Fournet et al. 1989, 1993a). The novelty of four quinoline structures, named Chimanines A-D, found mainly in the leaves, together with the antiparasitic activities, is derived in a Franco-Bolivian patent on quinolines with leishmanicidal action (Fournet et al. 1996). The total alkaloid content of bark (TAB) was conformed mainly by low molecular weight quinolines. According to GC-MS analysis, 2-phenyl-quinoline (1; 67%) was the main alkaloid in all organs, followed by 4-methoxy-2-phenyl-quinoline (2; 11%), which together with 2-pentil-quinoline (3; 9%), 2-(3, 4-methylendioxy-phenyl-ethyl)-quinoline (4), 4-methoxy-2-pentyl-quinoline (5), cusparine (6), and 2-propyl-quinoline (7) represented ca. 93 ± 3% of TAB composition. It is interesting to point out that G. longiflora contained compounds 1-3, 5-7, as main alkaloid constituents, with ratios changing with the age of the seedling, and that 1 has been detected at the dicotyledon stage of the plant (Quiroga-Selez et al. 2016).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
The bark contains up to 16% (mostly 6 to 10%) total quinoline alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine). Other alkaloids include epiquinine, epiquinamine, hydro-quinidine, hydroquinine, quinamine, etc. Tannins, quinovin, quinic acid, starch, resin, wax, and other items are also reported. According to Hager’s Handbook, cuscamine, cuscanoidine, homocinchonine, javanine, dicinchonine, dicinchonine, and pericine are dubious names from the old literature. The Handbook devotes more than 20 fine-print pages to just the alkaloids of Cinchona.33 Dry seed contains circa 18% protein, 16% fat, and 6% ash.21 Serendipitously, malaria patients treated with Cinchona bark were found to be free of arrhythmia. Quinine and, moreso, quinidine regulate atrial fibrillation and flutter. Quinidine will suppress abnormal rhythms in any heart chamber. Quinine has been used to treat hemorrhoids and varicose veins.11 Quinine and quinidine are also oxytoxic, “but the high incidence of fetal distress and intrauterine death associated with their use indicates that they should not be administered to induce labor unless the fetus has died in utero.”11 Quinine is supposed also to be prophylactic for flu.
Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
Cinchona bark is high in quinoline alkaloids, accounting for 6–10% of total quinoline alkaloids. Quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, and 30 other minor bases related to quinine, are the significant elements of alkaloids (Dayrit et al., 1994). Quinoline and quinuclidine rings contain a vinyl group in these alkaloids. The bark also contains coloring matter (>10%), flavonoids, an essential oil, and polyphenols in addition to alkaloids. The alkaloids are mainly presented as quinine and cinchonic acid salts, and their relative amounts differ between species. Because these alkaloids are formed during the sap's descent, their percentage concentration is lowest in the twigs, and highest in the trunk (bark) and the root (bark). The collar part (30–45 cm in length, at the base) has the highest concentration of quinine. Depending on the species, the alkaloid content of trees increases with age (1–12 years). Quinine is separated as quinine sulfate from the total alkaloids. It is a white, crystalline, odor-free substance with a strong bitter flavor, and highly soluble in organic solvents. In most Cinchona barks, quinidine is found in minor amounts (0.2 %), although it is found in more significant concentrations in C. calisaya and at its highest concentration in C. tayansis. The chemical conversion of quinine through oxidation is used to make it commercially (Dayrit et al., 1994). Up to 1% of total alkaloids are found in leaves, with younger ones holding more (Keene et al., 1983). Moreover, C. ledgeriana leaves contain five monomeric indole, quinomine, aricine, and 3-epi quinine, quasidimeric indole alkaloids (Dayrit et al., 1994; Nair, 2021).
Therapeutic potentials of endophytes for healthcare sustainability
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ayodeji O. Falade, Kayode E. Adewole, Temitope C. Ekundayo
Furthermore, Taechowisan et al. [32] reported the anticancer activity of arylcoumarins isolated from an endophytic bacterial strain, Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130. Interestingly, the bioactive compound inhibited the growth of ‘Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)’ in experimental mice through apoptotic mechanism related to reduction in BCL-2 and overexpression of BAX [32]. The cytotoxic effects of extracts from the following endophytes: Fomitopsis sp. P. Karst, Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl and Phomposis sp. against breast and colon cancer cell lines have been documented. The bioactive compound isolated from the extracts, camptothecine (a quinoline alkaloid), exhibited its anticancer activity through inhibition of topoisomerase I. Remarkably, some compounds derived from camptothecine are already being used as therapeutics for different forms of cancers [33]. Camptothecine and its derivatives are believed to account for over 30% marketed anti-cancer drugs [34].
Developments in drug delivery of bioactive alkaloids derived from traditional Chinese medicine
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Xiao Zheng, Fei Wu, Xiao Lin, Lan Shen, Yi Feng
In recent years, a variety of bioactive ingredients have been extracted from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), some of which are alkaloids (Table 1). The alkaloids are a type of nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the magnitude of molecular weight being generally less than 1 kDa (e.g. in this review being from 136 to 825 Da). They could be isolated from the root, stem, rhizome, fruit, and bark parts of the medicinal plants. According to their chemical structures, the alkaloids could be classified into the following types: quinoline alkaloids (e.g. 10-hydroxycamptothecin, berberine), quinolizidine alkaloids (e.g. matrine, oxymatrine), indole alkaloids (e.g. vincristine, brucine), and others like β-carboline, terpenoid alkaloids, and so on (Figure 1).
Research progress on antiviral constituents in traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanisms of action
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
More than 100 alkaloids have been found in Banlangen by now, such as quinazolone alkaloids, indole alkaloids, quinoline alkaloids, and so on (Xi et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2020b). Epigoitrin, a natural alkaloid from Banlangen, can prevent influenza virus infection by reducing the susceptibility of the host under stress. Researchers found that epigoitrin reduces susceptibility to H1N1 virus and proinflammatory cytokine production in stress-stressed mice to reduce pneumonia, and maintains MAVs antiviral signalling to ensure IFN-β production after H1N1 infection (Luo et al. 2019). Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloids with extensive pharmacological activities including antidiarrhea, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties and was found in several medicinal plants, such as Coptis chinensis Franch. (Ranunculaceae) root (Huanglian), Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (Rutaceae) root (Huangbai) (Joshi et al. 2011; Samadi et al. 2020; Olleik et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2020). Berberine is a novel antiviral drug and therapeutic candidate for targeting different steps of viral life cycle and it can intercalate into DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis and reverse transcriptase activity. Berberine has the ability to inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This may occur through the inhibition of MEK/ERK signalling pathway, the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the inhibition of NK-κB (Warowicka et al. 2020). In addition, berberine supports the host's immune response, which leads to virus clearance (Han et al. 2020).