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Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Psychoactive substance use disorders are characterized oy symptoms and changes in behavior associated with continuing use of psychoactive substances that affect the centra! nervous system. Dependence may be psychological (compulsion) or physical, characterized by onset of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is abruptly discontinued. A feature of dependence is tolerance, or declining effect of the drug. Psychoactive substances that may produce these results include alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, opioids, and sedatives.
Deception and the Systemic Problem of Substance Abuse
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
There are three identifiable categories of substances of abuse as determined by the basic effect a substance has on the human central nervous system. These categories are the depressants or “downers,” all of which have addictive properties (e.g., alcohol; controlled prescription drugs; synthetic opioids; heroin; etc.), the stimulants or “uppers” (e.g., amphetamines; methamphetamines; etc.), and the hallucinogens or “scramblers” (e.g., hallucinogens; cocaine; psychedelics; marijuana; and emerging synthetic agents with psychoactive substances; marijuana; etc.). The NIDA (2019) established that the hallucinogen category has two subcategories: the classic hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, peyote, psilocybin, etc.) and the dissociative drugs (e.g., phencyclidine [PCP], ketamine, salvia). Some substances have properties that qualify for more than one of the categories. Cocaine, for example, is described as a “stimulant narcotic” (retrieved from www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine).
Epidemiology of substance use disorders among young people
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
The starting point for any epidemiological investigation of SUD is to ascertain the prevalence of the condition, defined here as the number of people who have the condition at a point in time (Lilienfeld and Stolley, 1994). But before this discussion, it is necessary to draw attention to definitions. The term used in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), introduced in April 2012, is ‘Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use’ (WHO, 1992). There are sub-divisions for opioids, cannabinoids, sedative hypnotics, cocaine, other stimulants, including caffeine, hallucinogens, tobacco, volatile solvents and multiple substance use and use of other psychoactive substances.
Did the pattern of use of zolpidem change since the enforcement of a new prescription rule? A latent class analysis using the French health insurance database
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Marion Istvan, Morgane Rousselet, Edouard-Jules Laforgue, Marylène Guerlais, Marie Gérardin, Pascale Jolliet, Fanny Feuillet, Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
The assessment of patterns of use of psychotropic medications is essential to detecting substance-related disorders. Substance-related disorders correspond to a loss of control of the use of a psychoactive substance and can be defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5 (DSM-5) on the basis of some criteria, including tolerance, withdrawal, use of the substance often in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended, the persistent desire or repeated attempts to reduce or control the use of the medication, spending excessive amounts of time obtaining or using the substance, giving up activities because of the use of the substance, and persistence of the use of the medicine despite physical or psychological problems because of that use [19]. In addition to the variety of possible substance-related disorder profiles, a common feature is the need for a high volume and/or increasing dose of medication, which can lead to drug-seeking behaviors such as doctor or pharmacy shopping.
Use of psychoactive substances and their harms and benefits as perceived by undergraduate medical students in Brazil
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Thays Santos Mendonça, Denise Alves Guimarães, Matheus de Oliveira Rocha, Carlos Alberto Pegolo da Gama, Vinícius Silva Belo, Eduardo Sérgio da Silva
Psychoactive substances are agents that modify the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) by increasing, reducing or altering its perception (Duarte & Formigoni, 2014). According to Brazilian legislation, psychoactive substances are classified as licit and illicit. The first group includes drugs that may be sold in commercial establishments, either under medical prescription (antidepressants, psychostimulants, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, etc), or not (alcoholic beverages and tobacco derivatives), whereas the second group comprises drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, hashish, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and heroin, the possession or use of which is forbidden by the government. While the current belief is that risk and harm are more associated with the use of illicit psychoactive drugs (Bastos & Schenker, 2016), most of the health problems are caused by the consumption of licit psychoactive substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco, which are the main risk factors for preventable disease-related mortality (Cruz & Felicissimo, 2014).
Types of Substance Use and Punitive Parenting: A Preliminary Exploration
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2019
Bridget Freisthler, Nancy Jo Kepple
Approximately 12% of children in the United States live with at least one parent who meets criteria for alcohol and/or other drug use disorders (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014), with more children likely residing with at least one parent engaging in high-risk alcohol and/or other drug use (Manning, Best., Faulkner, & Titherington, 2009). This proportion of children exposed to parental substance use is a concern, given the higher likelihood of substance-using parents engaging in punitive parenting (Hien & Honeyman, 2000; Stith et al., 2009). Both parental substance use and child physical abuse are considered adverse childhood experiences (ACE); experiencing a cluster of these ACEs has been shown to be related to variety of physical health conditions in adulthood (Batten, Aslan, Maciejewski, & Mazure, 2004; Dube et al., 2009; Felitti et al., 1998; Goodwin & Stein, 2004; Goodwin & Weisberg, 2002; Wegman & Stetler, 2009). However, prevention of these outcomes requires further understanding of how to effectively assess and target risks during childhood, such as addressing our limited understanding of the role substance type plays in the contribution to punitive parenting strategies (Kepple, 2017; Testa & Smith, 2009). This study conducted an exploratory analysis guided by evidence that (a) specific types of psychoactive substances vary relatively in their scale and degree of harm to the individual user and to others (Nutt, King, & Phillips, 2010), and (b) discipline tactics used by parents encompass a wide range of parenting behaviors from nonviolent discipline to corporal punishment to physical assault (Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, & Runyan, 1998).