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Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Delivery Systems
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is among the most common of the lethal genetic disorders in Caucasians. The mutant gene is located on chromosome 7, and the gene product, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator or CFTR, is a large glycoprotein cAMP-regulated chloride channel. The CFTR is expressed at low levels in epithelial and nonepithelial tissues, and the disease, which begins in childhood, is best characterized as a multisystem disorder of exocrine glands and secretory epithelia which become blocked by a viscous mucous. The pulmonaiy component of the disorder is the most severe, and chronic pulmonary infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa tend to dominate the clinical profile as the patient ages. The median life expectancy for individuals with cystic fibrosis has reached 28.9 years in the United States (173). About one-third of patients in the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation data registry are over 18 years, and this group has been the focus of in vivo gene transfer trials to the airways for adenoviral, liposomal, and AAV vectors (174).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Aerosolized treatment is often used in patients with chronic lung disease such as cystic fibrosis. Main indications are eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and suppression of chronic infection. Aerosolized treatment has also been used as an adjunct to systemic infection in severe respiratory infections in other populations such as critically ill patients. Main agents used for aerosolized treatment are colistin, tobramycin and aztreonam. Bronchospasm can occur as a side effect.
Cystic fibrosis infection and biofilm busters
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Heidi M. Mansour, Inhalation Aerosols, 2019
Jennifer Fiegel, Sachin Gharse
A host of bacteria infect CF airways over the duration of patients’ lives in an age-dependent manner (Figure 13.3) (8). Colonization of the airways begins in infancy or early childhood. Bacteria associated with the nose and skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae, colonize CF airways in early stages. Over time, these organisms are replaced primarily by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is acquired via patient-to-patient or environmental transmission. P. aeruginosa is the main perpetrator of chronic pulmonary infections that adversely affects lung function (8,10–12). The prevalence of P. aeruginosa increases with age, and up to 80% of CF patients are ultimately infected. Smaller numbers of CF patients become infected with other organisms such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (approximately 30%), Achromobacter xylosoxidans (2%–18%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) (approximately 3%) (4,8,13–15).
Incidence of Co-infection and its Impact on COVID-19 Patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2023
Aiman Touny, Fatma Rageh, Eman Riad, Mohamed A. Sakr, Shaymaa Abdelraheem Abdelhady, Rasha Elgamal, Samar S. Ahmed, Shimaa A. Al-Touny
Despite the fact that most COVID-19-related mortality has occurred in elders with serious underlying diseases [4]. In intensive care units (ICUs), nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is still a considerable risk factor for patients, especially when they are intubated. It could be accompanied by lower respiratory tract infections that worsen the patients’ conditions. Nosocomial infections (NIs) are infections acquired within 48–72 hours of hospital admission. They are disseminated mostly through face-to-face interactions, medical equipment, and devices [5]. Acinetobacter baumannii spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp. are the most frequently discovered leading causes of NIs among microorganisms [6].
Enhancing efficacy of existing antibacterials against selected multiple drug resistant bacteria using cinnamic acid-coated magnetic iron oxide and mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Noor Akbar, Muhammad Kawish, Tooba Jabri, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Raza Shah, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Among multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria, Escherichia coli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cause several infections including gastroenteritis, meningitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), skin, respiratory, and other nosocomial infections [11–13]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa being a nosocomial pathogen causes 20% of hospital-acquired infections, bloodstream infections and is prevalent in patients with acute leukemia, burn wounds, cystic fibrosis, and organ transplants [14,15]. Serratia marcescens colonizes the intensive care unit and causes opportunistic infections [16]. A wide spectrum of invasive infections are caused by Klebsiella pneumonia including pneumonia, meningitis, pyogenic liver abscess, UTIs, bloodstream infection, and intra-abdominal infection etc [17]. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia in children and has been isolated from patients with purulent pleuritis [18].
Cell adhesion and twitching motility influence strong biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for causing infections like cystic fibrosis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia, and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) (Shigemura et al. 2006; Gomila et al. 2018). Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) contribute significantly to hospital-associated infections (HAIs) (Lara-Isla et al. 2017), which are often persistent due to infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria. P. aeruginosa is the third most common pathogen associated with hospital-acquired CAUTIs (Jarvis and Martone 1992; Djordjevic et al. 2013). In a study from India, P. aeruginosa accounted for 15% of all bacterial isolates collected from a tertiary care hospital over a period of 2012 to 2016 (Kumari et al. 2019). Infections caused by P. aeruginosa are often difficult to treat since it is resistant to a wide range of antibiotics due to multiple modes of resistance and its ability to form biofilms on medical devices (Lister et al. 2009; Langendonk et al. 2021). UTIs caused by P. aeruginosa are associated with high mortality in hospitalized patients (Lamas Ferreiro et al. 2017). P. aeruginosa biofilms are difficult to eradicate as bacteria embedded in the matrix are protected from phagocytosis, are resistant to most drugs compared to their planktonic counterparts, and show long-term persistence (Thi et al. 2020). The biofilm-forming ability of P. aeruginosa is highly associated with its virulence and drug resistance.