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Naturally Occurring Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cancers
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Sujatha Puttalingaiah, Murthy V. Greeshma, Mahadevaswamy G. Kuruburu, Venugopal R. Bovilla, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
In a recent study, Anantharaju et al. (2017b) showed that phenolic compounds derived from benzoic acid and cinnamic acid backbones could inhibit the growth of colorectal and cervical cancer cells in vitro by interacting with the trichostatin-A binding regions of HDAC2 (Anantharaju et al., 2017b). Among various phenolic acids tested, protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid were reported to inhibit HDAC2 compared to their methoxy-group counterparts Veratric acid (3,4-dimethoxy benzoic acid) and caffeic acid dimethyl ether (3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid) (Anantharaju et al., 2016). Mechanistically, inhibiting HDAC-elevated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase while promoting caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. A separate study showed HDAC inhibitory potential of gallic acid in prostate cancer cells (Jang et al., 2020). Treating prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 with gallic acid reduced HDAC1 and HDAC2, thereby mitigating mitochondrial membrane potential, induced apoptosis by augmenting the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) (Jang et al., 2020).
Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
The following compounds in the hazelnut kernel are considered phenolic acids belonging to the hydroxybenzoic acid class: p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, salycilic acid, 4-hydroxysalicylic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid (Prosperini et al., 2009; Pelvan et al., 2018). Gallic acid, which is found in hazelnut kernels, green leafy cover (Alasalvar et al., 2006), skin, tree leaves (Shahidi et al., 2007), and shells (Yuan et al., 2018), is the primary constituent of C. avellana. On the other hand, protocatechuic acid has been isolated from kernels (both fresh and roasted) and hazelnut skin (Pelvan et al., 2018), and has been recognized as the predominant ingredient in the brown skin and shells of hazelnuts produced in the United States (Alasalvar et al., 2006; Yuan et al., 2018). Furthermore, vanillic acid, methyl gallate, and veratric acid have all been found in hazelnut shells (Esposito et al., 2017; Yuan et al., 2018).
Plant Phenolics
Published in Ruth G. Alscher, John L. Hess, Antioxidants in Higher Plants, 2017
Taken together, these results strongly suggest that, at least in the species examined, the indirect pathways utilizing either caffeic 7 or 3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic 9 acids are not required for gallic 1 and protocatechuic 8 acid formation. However, it must be cautioned that these investigations do not unequivocally rule out "β-oxidation" as a minor pathway, or as an alternate route, in other plants. Evidence for the indirect pathway is as follows: (1) [3 — 14C] d,l-phenylalanine was metabolized into [14C] gallic acid 1 in Rhus typhina,8 where it was proposed that 3,4,5 trihydroxycinnamic acid 9 served as a putative intermediate. Note, though, that this acid has never been demonstrated to occur as a natural product; and (2) [3- — l4C] cinnamic acid 12 was converted into protocatechuic acid 8 in Hydrangea macro· phylla and Gaultheria procumbens, as was [3 — 14C] caffeic acid 7 in Orzyva sativa. Additionally, [14C02H] protocatechuic acid 8 was apparently metabolized into gallic acid 1 in Pelargonium hortorum.9
Protocatechuic acid alleviates polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms in mice by PI3K signaling in granulosa cells to relieve ROS pressure and apoptosis
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Feihong Wang, Yanyun Yin, Xiaowei Nie, Yijie Zou, Xingli Tong, Yun Tong, Jing Zhou, Yong Tan
Protocatechuic acid is the principal benzoic acid derivative in vegetables and fruits [21]. Protocatechuic acid possesses biological activity against diabetes, aging, and inflammation [33]. Traditionally, protocatechuic acid is nontoxic and a relatively safe oral compound [34]. Homoplastically, our experimental data revealed that protocatechuic acid had no obvious toxic effect on mice, which was mainly reflected in weight, liver and kidney function, and heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues of mice. Emerging evidence expounds that protocatechuic acid owns protective functions in various human diseases. For example, protocatechuic acid effectively protects liver cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cell death [35]. High doses of protocatechuic acid prevent cognitive impairment, hinting that protocatechuic acid might be a protective agent for Alzheimer’s disease [36]. Crucially, we further confirmed that protocatechuic acid exerted a function of alleviating PCOS mice, which was alike to the aforementioned conclusions.
Anticancer Effect in Human Glioblastoma and Antioxidant Activity of Petroselinum crispum L. Methanol Extract
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Nadhem Aissani, Ferdaous Albouchi, Hichem Sebai
Quinic acid, the major phenolic acid molecule found in P. crispum methanol extract, has been reported as a potential antioxidant molecule and exhibit a cytotoxicity activity against Hep-G2 cell lines (32). Gallic acid has been reported to produce an anticancer effect on glioma cells by acting on several pathways, including proliferation, adhesion, invasion and tube formation (33). Protocatechuic acid appears to have chemo-preventive effects because it blocks the metabolism of chemical carcinogenesis and may be inhibited specific sites of ultimate carcinogens with DNA molecule, thus preventing neoplastic transformation. Protocatechuic acid exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities and it seem to have influence on the activity of inducible isoenzyme of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase, cell cycle regulating proteins or inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in oncogenesis (26). Several studies demonstrate that acacetin has an antitumor activity against numerous human cancer cell lines, such as T cell leukemia Jurkat cells, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-lymphocytes xenografts, DU-145 cells, MCF-7 and HSC-3 cell lines (34). Cirsilineol has been reported to inhibit the growth cancer cell lines such as Caov-3, HeLa, MK-1 cells, Skov-3, B16F10, HepG2 and PC3 (35).
Pistacia atlantica Desf. roots extract: LC-ESI-MS Analysis, antioxidant activity and gastroprotective effect on experimentally-induced ultrastructural gastric ulcers in mice
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Marwa Ben Hmed, Hichem Alimi, Fatma Guesmi, Feriel Elatrech, Nacim Zouari, Yassine Chtourou, Ridha Ben Salem, Ghayth Rigane, Slim Cherif
The PR extract analyzed by LC-ESI-MS showed 12 identifiable compounds (Table 1). The major phenolic acid identified in PR was quinic acid with a noticeable concentration of 960 µg/g extract. Our results also demonstrated the presence of protocatechuic and gallic acids. Their concentrations were, respectively, 452 and 349 µg/g extract. LC-MS analysis also showed a high flavonoid contents in PR such us catechin (81 µg/g extract), epicatechin (41 µg/g extract) and cirsiliol (43 µg/g extract). Ben Ammar et al.24 reported that quinic and gallic acids are present in aqueous extract of P. atlantica leaves. Moreover, Semaming et al.25 have previously reported that Protocatechuic acid exhibited an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Jedidi26 et al. also reported that quinic, protocatechuic, gallic acids, and cirsiliol displayed synergistic protective activities against ethanol-inducing ulcer in mice.