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Marine Adhesive Proteins for Novel Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Smit P. Bhavsar, Maushmi S. Kumar, Vandana B. Patravale
Adhesion has been a crucial property for survival and the implementation of basic functions of a large number of marine and freshwater animals; for example, the organic fraction of echinoderm’s footprints consists of mainly proteins and carbohydrates, which play a major role in adhesion (Flammang et al., 1998; Santos et al., 2009). Proteins are important for adhesion and cohesion, which has also been demonstrated by the removal of footprints after an experimental treatment with the enzyme trypsin (Thomas and Hermans, 1985; Flammang et al., 1996). One prevalent feature of adhesive protein is the presence of domains that mediate protein–protein and protein–carbohydrate interactions (Hennebert et al., 2014, 2015; Rodrigues et al., 2016). The presence of lectin-binding domain is the most crucial among all (Toubarro et al., 2016). Presently, many temporary adhesive proteins and protein domains in various species have been identified based on their characteristics.
Chlamydial Lipopolysaccharide
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
The binding of our monoclonal antibodies to their respective ligands has been further investigated to understand the principles of protein-carbohydrate interaction in general (73). After cyrstallization of the α2→8 linked Kdo disaccharide (74), we are now trying in cooperation with S. Evans (Ottawa, Canada) and P. Kosma (Vienna, Austria), to crystallize the Fab fragments of monoclonal antibody S25–2 (71). These crystal data together with NMR data on the antigen-antibody complex in solution will let us understand the three-dimensional interaction of the two molecules.
Dendritic Nanostructures for Cancer Therapy
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Ashootosh V. Ambade, Elamprakash N. Savariar, S. (Thai) Thayumanavan
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are useful for targeted delivery because these can specifically bind to certain receptors over-expressed on tumor cells. Antibody–PAMAM conjugates have been prepared by attaching J591 anti-PSMA antibody to a fluorescein-labeled dendrimer for targeted delivery in prostate cancer therapy. It was based on the fact that prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is over-expressed on tumor cells than on normal tissue.29 Attachment of multiple functionalities for targeting (folic acid) and imaging (fluorescein) along with an anti-cancer drug (methotrexate) to a dendrimer periphery has also been demonstrated with PAMAM dendrimers30 and is elaborated below with examples on MRI and NCT. Similarly, different PAMAM dendrimers attached with fluorescein and folic acid were covalently attached to oligonucleotides and assembled via hybridization to afford multifunctional dendrimer clusters as illustrated by a cartoon in Figure 26.4.31 On a different note, carbohydrate moieties have been attached to PAMAM dendrimers to study multivalent protein–carbohydrate interactions. This is particularly relevant to cancer metastasis that involves these interactions in cellular recognition processes.32–34
Efaverinz and nano-gold-loaded mannosylated niosomes: a host cell-targeted topical HIV-1 prophylaxis via thermogel system
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Tanushree Malik, Gaurav Chauhan, Goutam Rath, Rohan N. Kesarkar, Abhay S. Chowdhary, Amit K. Goyal
Microbicidal approach using two mechanistically different anti-HIV moieties proved to be a potential strategy for topical prophylaxis. Drug susceptibility testing showed a kind of synergism when EFV and GNPs were used simultaneously to inhibit the viral dissemination in the pretreated host cells. Study presented a novel surface anchored niosomal gel as an efficient prophylactic vaginal microbicide. Both EFV and GNPs were delivered through a mannosylated niosomal system, to exploit protein – carbohydrate interaction which proved successful in this attempt of topical prophylaxis. Mannan conjugated niosomes were successfully prepared with GNPs loaded in the aqueous core and efavirenz in the bilayer environment. A novel thermogelation gel vehicle was successfully synthesized with an appropriate pH buffering and texture parameters. Anti-HIV-1 experiment with different dilution levels of the formulation provided significant reduction in the viral transmission. Pre-clinical toxicity studies confirmed the absolute safety of the niosomal gel for the purpose of vaginal use.
Carbohydrate–protein interactions and multivalency: implications for the inhibition of influenza A virus infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions play a very important role in the pathogen adhesion to cells. Understanding the unique interactions on the molecular level is of prime importance for developing optimized multivalent ligands to achieve strong inhibitory effects. Suitable protein targets with relatively close binding sites such as the influenza A virus HA have been investigated.
Surface glycans contribute to differences between seminal prostasomes from normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019
Bojana Milutinović, Sanja Goč, Ninoslav Mitić, Maja Kosanović, Miroslava Janković
Separation of prostasomes, in the highest-charge IEC fraction, is in accordance with data indicating that they display a net negative surface charge (29). In relation to this, it is known that prostasomes inhibit production of reactive oxygen species by stabilizing the plasma membrane (22,30) and that this effect is expected to rely on surface charge. In general, anionic nanoparticles do not pass through the cell membrane, i.e. they prevent membrane damage/hinder decomposition (31). When differences in surface glycans (associated with negatively charged prostasomes) were examined to discover whether they have implications on the antioxidative capacity of prostasomes from normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men, the results obtained indicated that ROS production in PMN was decreased with no differences between the examined samples. The possibility could not be overlooked that changes in the presentation of surface glycans may have more pronounced effects on other types of known prostasomal activity (32), involving protein–protein or protein–carbohydrate interactions at the level of a particular molecule. In relation to this, gal-3, known as part of the prostasomal proteome (33,34), was found to be present on the surface of vesicles from normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men. Gal-3 is a versatile carbohydrate-binding protein involved in basic physiological processes (35,36). However, regardless of any biological consequence of its possibly altered accessibility to binding partners in the context of differently presented glycans, this may represent an interesting and unexpected regulatory mechanism, in general. It has already been shown that the glycans of EVs contribute in a specific way to the complexity of the normal SP glycome compared to other SP constituents (37). In this study, a further distinction among prostasomes was visualized at the level of particular vesicles, pointing to molecular arrangements/setup at the ultrastructural level as a naturally occurring process and an overlooked source of heterogeneity.