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Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Ujjwala Kandekar, Sunil Ramdasi, Prasad Thakurdesai
Diosgenin is found in oily embryos of fenugreek seed in the range of 0.1–0.9%. It is spirostanol saponin [(25R)-spirost-5-en-3b-ol], composed of a hydrophilic sugar moiety linked to a hydrophobic steroid aglycone (Wani and Kumar 2018). The content of diosgenin and plant growth was found to be enhanced when fenugreek seeds were treated with silver nanoparticles (Jasim et al. 2017). It is available as white needle crystal or light amorphous solid powder. It is strongly hydrophobic (Log P- 5.7) and insoluble in water. The diosgenin is soluble in acetic ether, propyl acetate, acetone, and alcohol (Chen et al. 2012). The solubility in acetic ether, propyl acetate, is found to increase at higher temperatures (Chen et al. 2012). Diosgenin shows good stability under exposure to light or high temperature but is unstable in the presence of hydrochloric acid (Cai et al. 2020).
Disposition and Metabolism of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
A variety of factors365 such as stress, state of health, nutritional deficiency, liver disease, and certain chemicals influenced the activity of liver microsomal enzymes in experimental animals. Inhibition of these enzymes with 0-diethylaminoethyl diphenyl propyl acetate (SKF-525A) potentiated and prolonged the duration of action of barbiturates. Chronic pretreatment of rats with codeine inhibited the in vitro metabolism of hexobarbital by rat liver microsomes.109 Barbiturates stimulate the enzymes responsible for their own metabolism and that of other drugs; thus barbital, which is metabolized to a very small extent by liver microsomal enzymes, has been shown to enhance the enzyme activity responsible for metabolizing other barbiturates.22,29,366,367 Subchronic administration of phenobarbital in rats may increase by as much as 700% the in vitro rate of metabolism of hexobarbital.368,369 Drugs which induce the synthesis of drug metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes also stimulated the ascorbic acid synthesis in rats.370
Innovative industrial technology starts with iodine
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Acetic acid is an important industrial material with an annual production of 6.5 megatons. Polyvinyl acetate, a typical adhesive agent, is produced by the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer, which is synthesized from polyvinyl acetate and ethylene. In addition, ethyl acetate which is used as a solvent for paint and printing ink, and ester acetates such as butyl acetate and propyl acetate, are produced from acetic acid and various types of alcohol.
Development of a continuous reactor for emulsion-based microencapsulation of hexyl acetate with a polyuria shell
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Sven R. L. Gobert, Marleen Segers, Stijn Luca, Roberto F. A. Teixeira, Simon Kuhn, Leen Braeken, Leen C. J. Thomassen
For the determination of the core content, microcapsule samples are filtered on a Whatman 40 filter under vacuum, and washed with a 30% ethanol solution (VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, US). The capsules are left to dry for 60 min at ambient temperature. Extraction of the core is done by placing 2 g of the filtered capsules in an air tight vial to which 15 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) (ucb, Leuven, Belgium) is added. The content is stirred for 48 h. GC-FID analysis (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA) is performed with a ZB5 column and 2-(-1-methoxy)propyl acetate is used as the internal standard (Thermo fisher scientific, New Jersey, US). The mass fraction of shell material is determined by drying a sample of 2 g of filtered capsules to constant weight in a crucible at 100 °C. During this period, complete evaporation of the core is obtained (no traces of hexyl acetate detected with GC-FID analysis of extracted dry capsules), enabling the determination of the dry shell mass of the filtered capsules. The percentage of the core content is determined as follows: mcore is the mass of core and mshell is the mass of dried shell of empty capsules.
Metabolism of inhaled methylethylketone in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Frédéric Cosnier, Stéphane Grossmann, Hervé Nunge, Céline Brochard, Samuel Muller, Anne-Marie Lambert-Xolin, Sylvie Sebillaud, Benoît Rieger, Aurélie Thomas, Marie-Josèphe Décret, Manuella Burgart, Laurent Gaté, Benoît Cossec, Pierre Campo
MEK and 2BuOH concentrations in blood and brain were determined using a similar protocol involving liquid/liquid extraction of the tissues (800 μL of blood or half a brain) in DCM (500 or 750 μL for blood or brain samples, respectively) using n-propylacetate as an internal standard (5 μL, 1.5 mg/L in DCM). For brain samples, a homogenate was first prepared by grinding the brain in tubes containing ceramic beads (Fast Prep instrument, MP Biomedicals, with Lysing Matrix D tubes). After 30 min agitation, samples were centrifuged at 1250 rpm, 4 °C for 10 min. The lower DCM layer contained the MEK and the 2BuOH. 0.3 mL of this layer was transferred to a vial containing a glass insert. The sample (1 μL) was then ready for GC–MS analysis using the chromatographic conditions described in Cosnier et al. (2014).
Solid lipid nanoparticles: a promising tool for insulin delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Fatemeh Mohammadpour, Hossein Kamali, Leila Gholami, Alice P. McCloskey, Prashant Kesharwani, Amirhossein Sahebkar
The stability of insulin during SLN formulation has been assessed by Gallarate et al. via the influence of solvents and surfactants such as taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (TDC), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), propyl acetate (PA), iso-propyl acetate (IPA). Samples were placed in a thermostatic water bath 50°C at scheduled times. RP-HPLC and SE-HPLC analysis confirmed insulin stability during SLN manufacturing [79]. XRD results showed that the chemical structure of loaded drug was preserved in the SLNs and it preserved its activity [90].