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Bioactive Constituents in Indian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Recognized for Brain Health Benefits
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Deepak Mundkinajeddu, Amit Agarwal, Gururaja Giligar Manjunatha, Vineet Kumar Singh
One of the well-studied effects of Ashwagandha in the scientific literature pertains to cholinergic system, particularly the modulation of acetylcholinesterase activity. On the one hand, the root powder can attenuate the inhibition of the enzyme and the cognitive impairment caused by the carbamate pesticide propoxur (Yadav et al., 2010). On the other hand, the alcoholic extract and aqueous extracts of the roots have been shown to reduce the increased acetylcholinesterase levels in rat brain induced by scopolamine (Visweswari et al., 2014). This is an indication of ability of Ashwagandha to exert a balancing effect on cholinergic system for brain health benefits. Withanolides, the steroidal lactones generally considered as the bioactive constituents of Ashwagandha, have been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in vitro (Choudhary et al., 2004). Interestingly, chloroform–methanolic extract of Withania has also been shown with a reversal effect on behavioral deficits, plaque pathology, accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), and oligomers in AD models (Sehgal et al., 2012).
Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
The carbamate insecticides used extensively as garden insecticides are carbaryl, aldicarb, and propoxur that inhibit ChE in a pattern similar to other carbamoylation inhibitors. The symptoms of poisoning closely resemble those of the OPs (Baron, 1991; Ecobichon, 2000). Carbaryl has particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption. It is used topically for control of head lice in some countries. Not all carbamates in garden formulations are ChE inhibitors; the dithiocarbamates are fungicidal (Brunton, 2011).
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Propoxur (Arprocarb) is an isopropoxy-phenyl methylcarbamate and underwent a number of field tests in various parts of the world. The results showed that, at the dosage of 2 g/m2 in the form of a water-dispersible powder, propoxur remains highly active against Anopheles for up to 3 months; it also has an airborne effect, which extends to about 20 m from sprayed houses. It has moderate toxicity to humans (LD50 95 mg/kg) and can be used with ordinary precautions in the field. However, its relatively high cost has limited the application of propoxur.
Propoxur-induced oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: protective effects of curcumin and α-tocopherol
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Tanzeel Ahmed, Vasu Goel, B. D. Banerjee
Propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) is a nonsystematic carbamate insecticide with a fast knockdown and long residual effect (Yadav et al.2010). Propoxur, is similar to organophosphates in their action of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, but unlike organophosphates, the carbamates are transient cholinesterase inhibitors and hydrolyzed from the cholinesterase enzymatic site within 48 hours (Moser et al.2012). Thus, carbamate toxicity tends to be of shorter duration as compared to that of the organophosphates, although the mortality rates associated with exposure to these chemical classes are still similar (Rotenberg et al.1995). People handling these pesticides do not only include workers working in the chemical industry, farmers, and pest control operators but do involve the consumers too (Rastogi et al.2010). A report from residue analysis of blood serum from cacao farmers revealed that 42 out of 76 farmers had residues of propoxur in their blood with mean concentration of 0.095 mg/kg (Sosan et al.2008). While acute carbamate compound poisoning due to inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase is a well established clinical entity, the existence of chronic poisoning below the threshold value required for cholinergic clinical symptoms is a debated issue. The measurement of the pesticide in blood is important, because in many cases the unchanged pesticide is responsible for adverse health effects, to a successful treatment of propoxur poisoning (Wille et al.2013).