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An Overview of Drug-Induced Nephropathies *
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Jean Paul Fillastre, Michel Godin
A distinct clinical syndrome associated with NSAID exposure and completely different from the renal failure described previously due to enhanced renal vasoconstriction has become apparent in the last several years. This disorder is characterized by an interstitial nephritis on renal biopsy, but often presents clinically as the nephrotic syndrome. The first 2 cases of acute renal failure with nephrotic syndrome were reported in 1979 (Brezin et al., 1979) and more than 100 cases have been described since. The incidence of this unusual disorder is unknown, but is believed to be rare. It seems to be more frequent when propionic acid derivatives are prescribed. Fenoprofen was implicated in a large number of cases.
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Hydrolytic stability is a major consideration for all esters. Possibly one of the reasons for the popularity of the isopropyl alcohol esters of fatty acids in preference to similar esters that can be made from a low-molecular-weight acid (such as propionic acid) and a fatty alcohol, is their improved hydrolytic stability. It is important to consider that when an ester such as isopropyl myristate does hydrolyze, the resulting products are isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid. However, when an ester such as myristyl propionate hydrolyzes, the resulting components are myristyl alcohol and propionic acid. In this example, isopropyl alcohol would have a much more agreeable odor than propionic acid. Additionally, the propionic acid will lower the product pH possibly to a point where it will be detrimental to the product or consumer.
Methylmalonic acidemia
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Propionic acid is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, and this may be an important source of propionate and methylmalonate in these patients [110]. Treatment with neomycin or metronidazole may reduce levels of propionic and MMAs in body fluids [108–110]. Doses of metronidazole have ranged from 10 to 20 mg/kg per day and have been divided into three doses. Neomycin has been used in a dose of 50 mg/kg. Other antibiotics, such as bacitracin, paromycin, clindamycin, or vancomycin, may be useful in acute situations. Lincomycin was not effective [110]. In our experience, intermittent antibacterial therapy has been useful, suggesting that clonal populations of propionate-forming bacteria may be intermittently present in some patients. An effect of antibiotic treatment on metabolite accumulation may be especially useful during a crisis of metabolic decompensation. A sudden increase in MMA excretion unaccompanied by dietary change or stimulus for catabolism may suggest a bacterial source and an argument for neomycin or metronidazole.
Genotoxicity mechanism of food preservative propionic acid in the in vivo Drosophila model: gut damage, oxidative stress, cellular immune response and DNA damage
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Fatma Turna Demir, Eşref Demir
Food additives such as preservatives are widely used to preserve food and inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Propionic acid (E-280), a short chain fatty acid, can be of both endogenous and environmental origin. Propionic acid is a weak organic acid widely used as a food preservative (Quitmann et al. 2014) and generally recognized as safe by regulatory agencies in Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada and Health Canada 2019), the United States (FDA 2017), and the European Union (EFSA 2014). It is used as a food preservative in agriculture, the food industry (Al-Lahham et al. 2010), wheat, and dairy products (such as cheese, yogurt, and milk) (Lind et al. 2005). The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) allocated an acceptable daily intake (ADI) ‘not limited’ for propionic acid. JECFA states that in a 90-day study in dogs (1% propionic acid in the diet), the contact effect concentration of propionic acid was three times higher than the highest permissible concentration. In this context, it has been indicated that the use of propionic acid and its salts as food additives at maximum concentrations will not pose a safety concern (EFSA 2014). Nowadays, propionic acid is permitted by the EU authorities to be used as a food additive in foods with maximum levels ranging from 1000 to 3000 mg/kg (EFSA 2014). Propionic acid is produced by anaerobic microbes in the human colon as a fermentation product of long chain fatty acids, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides (Al-Lahham et al. 2010). It is seen in the literature that propionic acid has been suggested to have anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering and weight loss properties (Al-Lahham et al. 2010, 2012; Kasubuchi et al. 2015). Although propionic acid is produced by microbes, it has fungicidal properties against bat pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Micalizzi et al. 2017) and various plant pathogenic fungi (Micalizzi et al. 2021). A volatile organic compound such as propionic acid shows promise as a fumigant to control fungal pathogens in agricultural soils (Stinson et al. 2003), bat hibernacula (Micalizzi and Smith 2020), and other complex environments.