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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from topical minoxidil lotion used for androgenic alopecia or alopecia areata have been reported frequently, sometimes in the form of single case reports (4,5,6,8,9,11,14,16, 17,34,36), but also in case series of 2 (3,35,37), 4 (13,33), 6 (38), 7 (7), 8 (29), 22 (2) and 25 (30) patients. In a number of sensitized individuals, the allergic contact dermatitis was not due to the active ingredient itself, but was caused by contact allergy to the excipient propylene glycol (3,12,13,15,26,29,30,31,35,36,39). In one study (13), the majority of allergic reactions were stated to be due to propylene glycol, but the test concentration (unspecified, but certainly 50% was tested), was too high, risking irritant, false-positive reactions. In another investigation, deemed to be unreliable by some authors (30), all 13 cases of contact allergy to minoxidil lotion were ascribed to propylene glycol (31). Conversely, in an Italian study, of 25 patients reacting to minoxidil lotion, propylene glycol co-reacted in one patient only. However, propylene glycol was tested at 2% in petrolatum, which must very likely have resulted in false-negative reactions (30). Combined allergy to minoxidil and propylene glycol has also been observed (3,13,29,39).
Rhinitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Vinay Mehta, Srinivasan Ramanuja, Pramod S Kelkar
The most common side effects, burning or stinging, are due to local irritation and is more commonly associated with alcohol or propylene glycol-containing solutions. Nasal biopsies after five years of continuous therapy found no signs of tissue atrophy or change. Nasal septal perforations are very rare. Growth in children should be monitored, especially when intranasal corticosteroids are taken with other corticosteroids preparations such as inhaled corticosteroids for asthma or topical corticosteroids for atopic dermatitis.
Fixation and Tissue Pretreatment
Published in Lars-Inge Larsson, Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice, 2020
Thus, an intermedium that does not boil at as low a temperature as liquid nitrogen is desirable to use. Freon-22® is freely available in pressure bottles from several refrigeration firms and is preferred. When cooled by liquid nitrogen, the Freon® solidifies. It is convenient to use a metallic cup suspended in a liquid nitrogen bath to collect the Freon.® The cup is filled and then taken up from the nitrogen bath (Figure 10). Upon melting of the Freon® ice, specimens embedded in O.C.T. compound and supported on stiff paper are immersed and frozen in the Freon.® The frozen specimens (after 10 to 20 sec of freezing) are then quickly transferred to liquid nitrogen. They can be stored in this or in a − 80 to − 70°C freezer until required for sectioning. Intermedia other than Freon® may be used (propane-propylene or isopentane). Due care should be excercised when employing such intermedia, as propane-propylene mixtures in particular may be explosive when mixed with nitrogen!
Privileged multi-target directed propargyl-tacrines combining cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibition activities
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Zofia Chrienova, Eugenie Nepovimova, Rudolf Andrys, Rafael Dolezal, Jana Janockova, Lubica Muckova, Lenka Fabova, Ondrej Soukup, Patrik Oleksak, Martin Valis, Jan Korabecny, José Marco-Contelles, Kamil Kuca
Since the target organ of proposed hybrids is supposed to be CNS, the neuronal toxicity profile of selected compounds 7, 15, 20, 21, 23, and 25 on human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) using the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetraziolium bromide (MTT) assay, was determined. The results are presented in Table 4, in terms of mean concentration to cause 50% growth inhibition (IC50). THA, 6-chlorotacrine, 7-MEOTA, and 7-PhOTHA were tested as well as reference compounds. Reduction in cell viability of SH-SY5Y was observed for all selected hybrids. Looking at the IC50 values of 7-PhOTHA analogues 7, 15, and 25 and 6-chlorotacrine derivative 23, it is evident that they exerted more pronounced ability to decrease the viability of neuronal cells compared to THA. Their toxicity ranged in the same order of magnitude as their parent compounds 7-PhOTHA and 6-chlorotacrine. Although the insertion of the propylene linker in compounds 20 and 21 led to increase in the inhibitory potential towards ChEs comparing THA, in term of in vitro neurotoxicity, the effect was quite opposite, i.e. insertion of the side chain caused an increase in cytotoxicity of mentioned compounds. Such phenomenon could be attributed to the higher lipophilicity of the hybrids. Quite interestingly, compound 23, active towards AChE and ligand 15, active towards MAO-B at approx. 1 μM concentration, could be considered relatively safe.
Examining electronic nicotine delivery system use and perception of use among college students with and without asthma across the South
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Linda Gibson-Young, Mary Martinasek, Nauris Tamulevicius, Molly Fortner, Abdullah M. Alanazi
Intuitively, one would think asthmatics would avoid cigarettes and ENDS to avoid asthma symptoms from being triggered. However, our study did not find a difference between asthmatic and non-asthmatic groups in ENDS use in terms of ever-use, use in the past 30 days, duration of use, and frequency of use, as well as smoking traditional cigarettes. This finding is also consistent with our previous study in a Southeast University in 2014 which showed similar findings.15 There could be a few factors contributing to these findings. One possible reason is that although ENDS produces propylene glycol aerosols at levels that result in eye and upper respiratory irritations, only mild irritations have been described after exposure at 1 min.24,25 However, inhaling propylene glycol can increase the risk of developing asthma and little is known about long term effects the exposure.21,25 Other substances such as vegetable glycerin, flavoring agents and nicotine found in ENDS aerosol particles have physiological activities that also have implication on asthma.7,25 Recent studies are beginning to highlight significant morbidity and mortality issues due to ENDS use leading to more conversation to highlight effects on young adults.26–28 Thus, it is important that asthmatics and those at risk of developing asthma be educated to avoid or limit ENDS use.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
However, glycols are known respiratory and upper airway irritants. Individuals exposed to the theatrical use of propylene glycol-derived fog or smoke mists have suffered from combinations of respiratory, throat, and nose irritation (Moline et al.2000). In July 2001, the Dow Chemical Corporation, which manufactures propylene glycol, issued ‘Propylene Glycol – Consideration Against use in Theatrical Fogs,’ which stated, in part, ‘…use of propylene glycol in theater fogs is impractical….’ However, many manufacturers continue to include propylene glycol despite clear warnings, and there is no governing body that regulates fog fluid ingredients. Moreover, short-term exposure to, or contact with, glycol aerosols can dehydrate the mucus membranes and eyes, and irritate the throat and upper airways (Raymond 1997, Wieslander et al.2001, Vardavas et al.2012, Callahan-Lyon 2014, Grana et al.2014). Short-term exposures to propylene glycol ‘fog’ are associated with headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Choi et al. (2010) have suggested that long-term exposure to propylene glycol might provoke the development of asthma in children. In adults, long-term exposures to smoke-like and fog aerosols were associated with both upper airway and voice symptoms (Teschke et al.2005, Tayyarah and Long 2014). A summary of the material safety data sheet (MSDS, October 2010) for propylene glycol purports it can form explosive gas mixtures but is considered GRAS for oral intake—although this may not be the case when it is heated and inhaled.