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Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
Tannins (also known as tannic acid) are water-soluble polyphenols found in many plant diets, whereas proanthocyanidins (also known as condensed tannins) are plant-derived flavonoid polymers with a variety of health benefits (Xie et al., 2006). Hazelnut contains five hydrolyzable tannins and related compounds: Ellagic acid hexoside isomer, ellagic acid pentoside isomer, flavogallonic acid dilactone isomer, bis(hexahydroxydiphenoyl)-glucose (HHDP-glucose) isomer, and valoneic acid dilactone/sanguisorbic acid dilactone (Prosperini et al., 2009). The condensed tannins oproanthocyanidins are oligomers or polymers found in hazelnut and its by-products that are classified as procyanidins, propelargonidins, or prodelphinidins based on the flavan-3-ol unit (epi)catechin, (epi)afzelechin, or (epi)gallocatechin, respectively (Jakopic et al., 2011). Procyanidins A2, B1, and B2 (ZEPPA and GERBI, 2010; Fanali et al., 2018) and other procyanidin dimers and trimers, were found in hazelnut kernels (Jakopic et al., 2011). Furthermore, four isomers of B-type procyanidin have been identified in hazelnut shells (Yuan et al., 2018). A-type PAs were found as minor compounds, while (epi)-gallocatechin and gallate derivatives were identified as monomer units (Piccinelli et al., 2016).
Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Extracts of S. asoca bark and pure compounds isolated from the bark were tested for properties that might inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid by the PGH2 synthase. They were assayed spectrophotometrically, with adrenaline as cofactor. Methanol- and ethyl acetate extracts of S. asoca inhibited the conversion and the observed inhibition was confirmed in an oxygraphic assay. Two procyanidin dimers from the ethyl acetate extract showed enzyme-catalyzed oxidation in the assay. The ether extract of the bark was also found to contain substances which were capable of being oxidized by the PGH2 synthase. The holistic action of the components of the bark may explain the mode of action of S. asoca (Middelkoop and Labadie 1985)
ENZOGENOL Pine Bark Extract
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
An excellent study on bioavailability of monomeric epicatechin, procyanidin dimer B1, and oligo/polymeric PACs (mean degree of polymerization 5.9) in humans has been published by Wiese and colleagues (Wiese et al. 2015). Epicatechin monomers and glucoronidated, sulphated and methylated forms were present in plasma. Procyanidin B1 was present in plasma in very low amounts and also in mono-methylated form. PACs were absent in plasma, hence not absorbable as intact oligo- and polymers. The major microbial metabolite, 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-valerolactone (DHPVL) was the dominant metabolite in blood and urine from all parent compounds; yet amounts varied largely between individuals as well as with the degree of polymerization of flavan-3-ols. Monomer units were not detectable in plasma or urine after procyanidin B1 and PAC intake.
Intake Duration of Anthocyanin-Rich New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Affects Cardiovascular Responses during Moderate-Intensity Walking But Not at Rest
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Mehmet Akif Şahin, Pelin Bilgiç, Stefano Montanari, Mark Elisabeth Theodorus Willems
There are some limitations of the present study. First, we did not measure the plasma availability of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-derived metabolites, NO and eNOS expression levels after 7-days and 14-days NZBC intake which can provide potential causal evidence for efficiency of NZBC extract intake. Further studies should consider to evaluate intake duration of anthocyanin-rich foods. Second, participants did not have a standard diet for the supplementation period and they recorded 48 h food diary before the first supplementation test and replicated for the following supplementation tests. However, flavonoids can interact with macronutrients during absorption. For instance, Serra et al. (41) showed that carbohydrate-rich food can repress the absorption of procyanidin dimers and trimers in rats. Therefore, there was a possibility to have different cardiovascular responses between participants according to variations in their normal diet. Third, it is possible that for some physiological parameters, a higher daily dose may be required or increased number of participants to reach statistical significance for the absolute values. For example, nine out of 15 and 13 out of 15 participants had lower arteriovenous oxygen difference during the moderate-intensity walk at 7- and 14-days, but the p-value of the one-way ANOVA was 0.083.
Washingtonia filifera seed extracts inhibit the islet amyloid polypeptide fibrils formations and α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Sonia Floris, Antonella Fais, Rosaria Medda, Francesca Pintus, Alessandra Piras, Amit Kumar, Piotr Marek Kuś, Gunilla Torstensdotter Westermark, Benedetta Era
In our previous work we have analysed the alcoholic extracts of W. filifera seeds, using HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS. We have highlighted that the composition of these W. filifera seeds consisting in flavan-3-ol. B-type procyanidin dimers (B1-B4) were among the main phenolic compounds in the extracts of W. filifera seeds27. In this study, through UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis, three phenolic compounds have been identified, catechin, protocatechuic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, in addition to those identified in our previous report.
Phytochemical and toxicological evaluation of Tamarix stricta Boiss
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Amin Iranpanah, Mannan Hajimahmoudi, Zeinab Pourjabar, Maria Daglia, Cristina Santarcangelo, Khodabakhsh Rashidi, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Roja Rahimi
Figure 1 shows the chromatogram of T. stricta extract acquired in negative ionization mode. Thirteen compounds were identified in the extract (Table 1) including six flavonoids, three phenolic acid derivatives, two procyanidin dimers, one aliphatic organic acid, and one disaccharide.