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Emerging Medicinal Values of Kiwifruit (Actinidia Lindl.)
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Mira Dhakal, Shandesh Bhattarai
Rutin, Quercetin 3-O-β-D-rhamnoside; Procyanidin trimer, Procyanidin tetramer, Catechin, Epicatechin, Quercetin, protocatechuic acid; 3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(Methoxycarbonylmethyl) phenyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate; phlorizin, L-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, (−)-epicatechingallate, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, salicylic acid, stilbene (trans-resveratrol), Epicatechin, epi-Afzelechin,, 2-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3, 4-dihydro-4-[(phenylmethyl) thio]-2H-1-benzopyran-3, 5, 7-triol, 2, 2’-Bis(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3, 3’, 4, 4’-tetrahydro-4’-[(phenylmethyl) thio] [4, 8’-bi-2H-1-benzopyran]-3, 3’, 5, 5’, 7, 7’-hexol, Afzelechin, Procyanidin B3, Procyanidol B2, Afzelechin-(4α→8)–afzelchin, (2R, 2’R, 3R, 3’R, 4R)-3, 3’, 4, 4’-Tetrahydro-2, 2’-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) [4, 8’-bi-2H-1-benzopyran]-3, 3’, 5, 5’, 7, 7’-hexol, Quercetin, (+)-Catechin, (–)-Epicatechin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; Kaempferol, (–)-epicatechin; procyanidol B2; procyanidol C1; (–)-epi-afzelechin; benzylthio-(–)-epicatechin; 4′-benzylthioprocyanidol B2; (+)-afzelechin; (–)-epi-afzelechin(4β→8)(–)-epi-afzelechin; (–)-epicatechin(4β→8)(–)-catechin; (+)-afzelechin(4α→8)(+)-afzelechin; (+)-catechin(4α→8)(+)-catechin, formononetin; 7,4’-dihydroxyflavone; (+)-catechins-7-phytol.
Serum Albumin Binding of Natural Substances and Its Influence on the Biological Activity of Endogenous and Synthetic Ligands for G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
Published in Catherina Caballero-George, Natural Products and Cardiovascular Health, 2018
Sarah Engelbeen, Patrick M.L. Vanderheyden
Tannins, which are a group of polyphenolic compounds, include three major categories: gallic acid esters, phloroglucinol derivatives and flavone-derived substances (Hemingway and Karchesy, 1989). Initially, the BSA binding capacity of tannins was determined by immobilizing certain polyphenolics on chromatography paper followed by the quantification of the amount of BSA bound (Dawra et al., 1988). Ellagic acid and quercetin were found to bind BSA with a capacity of 297 and 78 µg BSA/mg, respectively (Dawra et al., 1988). In a similar approach, the polyphenols extracted from coffee pulp, that is, tannic acid, chlorogenic acid and catechin, were found to bind to BSA (Vélez et al., 1985). Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and native gel electrophoresis revealed the formation of BSA complexes with the water-soluble polyphenols oenotehin B, corilagin, (+)catechin, procyanidin B3 and gallic acid derivatives (Kusuda et al., 2006). Polyphenolic compounds isolated from Opuntia ficus indica were found to elicit calcium response in T-cell lines, and this effect was reduced by including fatty acid free BSA, suggesting their interaction with serum albumin (Aires et al., 2004). By using the technique of quartz crystal microbalance, it was possible to monitor the binding of molecules to the surface of proteins, in which it was found that thearubigin, which is one of the major polyphenols of black tea, can form complexes with BSA (Chitpan et al., 2007).
Inhibiting Insulin Resistance and Accumulation of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in the Liver
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Potentilla reptans L. given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 30 days to Swiss albino mice feeding on diet containing 1% cholesterol increased serum high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol from 25.8 to 38.6 mg/dL whereas plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol, and triglyceridemia were not affected.77 Besides the extract reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase from 75.8 to 13 IU/L and serum aspartate aminotransferase from 41.4 to 8 IU/L and increased serum nitric oxide from 21.8 to 49.3 µmol/L.77 The chemical constituents of Potentilla reptans L. appear to be unknown. Members of the genus Potentilla L. produce series of ellagitannins of which laevigatin B and F as well as agrimoniin and pedunculagin.243 Other constituents known to this genus are proanthocyanidins such as procyanidin B3 and pentacyclic triterpenes of which tormentic acid, ursolic, arjunetin, and pomolic acid.243 Ellagitannins are not absorbed in the gut but decomposed into phenolic metabolites such as gallic acid. Wistar rats on high-fat diet supplemented with 0.2% of gallic acid for 10 weeks had no effect on food intake, lowered body weight gain, decreased liver weight.244 This regimen lowered plasma triglycerides from 0.9 to 0.8 mmol/L, lowered plasma cholesterol from 3 to 2,4 mmol/L, low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol from 0.6 to 0.4 mmol/L and had no effect on high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol.244 This regimen lowered serum insulin as well as serum leptin.244 Leptin from adipocytes acts on hypothalamus to suppress food intake.245 At the hepatic level, this regimen attenuates hepatic steatosis and lowered hepatic triglycerides whereby ehaptic cholesterol content was unchanged whereas activity of glutathione peroxidase.244
Anti-liver fibrosis effects of the total flavonoids of litchi semen on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats associated with the upregulation of retinol metabolism
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Jiongyi Yan, Yinyi Feng, Xuewan Fang, Xiaojuan Cui, Xing Xia, Fang Li, Weisheng Luo, Jianqin Liang, Jianfang Feng, Kai Yu
The components of TFL were analysed using UPLC-Q-Exactive spectrometry (UPLC, Dionex UltiMate 3000, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA; MS, Q-Exactive, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.9 µm; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, 25002-052130) at 30 °C. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient mixture of methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water. Q-Exactive was operated in the Full MS/dd-MS2 mode with a resolution of 70,000. The standard substances used for qualitative analysis of TFL included procyanidin, procyanidin A1, procyanidin A2, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, phlorizin, nobiletin, (+)-catechin, gallic acid, kaempferol and isoquercitrin.