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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Iodine is a nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritional element essential for growth and development and especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodine deficiency causes goitre and hypothyroidism in children and adults, and cretinism if present during fetal development. Since 1839, iodine compounds have been used as antiseptics and disinfectants. It has a broad germicidal action, being effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Iodine has traditionally been used in its tincture form, which consists of 2% iodine and 2.4% sodium iodide diluted in alcohol. Iodine preparations are currently available in aqueous solution, tincture of alcohol, aerosol, ointment, antiseptic gauze pad, foam and swab sticks (1,9). Iodine is also present in povidone-iodine (Chapter 3.270 Povidone-iodine).
Scar Care after Surgical Treatment in Oncology Patients
Published in Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto, Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
The immature scar with a favorable evolution needs basic care: daily wound washing after 72 hours with soap and water and rigorous drying. During the first 2 weeks, it is recommended to avoid dehydration of the scar, avoid the appearance of scabs, and maintain a semiocclusive dressing. Transepidermal water loss is increased in hypertrophic scars and keloids. The subsequent dehydration of keratinocytes may stimulate the production of cytokines, leading to excessive collagen deposition by fibroblasts, which results in scar formation [9]. An example would be to keep a paper tape enriched in zinc from the immediate postoperative period until the fifth day. Dressings should lightly adhere to irregularly contoured, moist healing tissues and provide a continuous temporary artificial barrier [10]. There should be early removal of the stitches and placing of adhesive skin closures. The removal of foreign bodies, such as extruded stitches, is performed in a sterile condition, and when a skin continuity solution appears, it is recommended to initiate treatment with topical antibiotic ointment every 24 hours. Daily treatment with povidone-iodine solution should be avoided if the wound shows no signs of infection. It is recommended to avoid physical activity until 10–15 days, as well as bathtubs or spas.
General Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rebecca Fish, Aisling Hogan, Aoife Lowery, Frank McDermott, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Yew-Wei Tan, Thomas Tsang
Povidone–iodine is a stable complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone and elemental iodine: Good broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses including HIV and Hep B (bactericidal)Easily inactivated by organic material (blood, faeces, pus)Must be used at optimum freshnessActs by oxidation and substitution of free iodineDoes not have a prolonged effect when used for scrubbing
Repurposing povidone-iodine to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission: a narrative review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Nicole-Ann Lim, Ooiean Teng, Chester Yan Hao Ng, Lena X. Y. Bao, Paul Anantharajah Tambyah, Amy M. L. Quek, Raymond C. S. Seet
Povidone-iodine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic that is widely used to disinfect surgical sites and in wound management [1]. By targeting cell membranes, povidone-iodine exerts potent anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects [2], and is generally well tolerated when applied to skin surfaces [3]. Interest in povidone-iodine has surged during this pandemic following reports from preclinical and clinical studies supporting its antiviral effects against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus [4–6], in addition to other respiratory viruses such as influenza [7], SARS-CoV [8] and MERS-CoV [8–10]. In cell culture studies, povidone-iodine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication rapidly [4,6], prompting clinical studies to explore the use of povidone-iodine to disinfect the oropharyngeal space before dental [11] and otolaryngology [12] procedures. When applied regularly to the oropharyngeal space, one large-scale clinical trial that was conducted during an active outbreak showed povidone-iodine could significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection by more than 20% compared with an active comparator among residents living in a crowded dormitory [13].
Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block and Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Halime Ozdemir, Coskun Araz, Omer Karaca, Emin Turk
Both blocks were applied before administering of anesthesia induction, in the ESPB group, the lower end of the scapula and the spinous process of the T7 vertebra were located while the patient was in a prone position. These areas were then cleaned and sterilized with povidone iodine. A high-frequency linear ultrasound (US) probe shielded with a sterile sheath was placed sagittally on the spinous process of the T7 vertebra, and then slid 3-cm laterally in the parasagittal region. After the transverse process of the vertebra was visualized, a 22-gauge 10-cm stimuplex needle was advanced toward the interfascial plane between the erector spinae and the transverse process. Consequently, the separation caused by hydrodissection was confirmed by administering 0.5–1 mL of fluid. Then, a local anesthetic containing 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine and 10 mL of 2% prilocaine was injected into the space. The craniocaudal spreading of the local anesthetic was observed (Figure 2). The same procedure was reiterated on the other side.
Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Manoj Khokhar, Dipayan Roy, Purvi Purohit, Manu Goyal, Puneet Setia
Iodine and iodophors have been effective against a wide range of viruses, including CoVs and enteroviruses, polio, herpes, vaccinia, rabies, and tobacco mosaic viruses [49–51]. Povidone-iodine, a complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone and iodine, is routinely used in surgical procedures, and numerous studies have validated its safety. It showed rapid and effective viricidal activity against different types of HCoVs like SARS-CoVs (Isolate FFM-1 & Hanoi strain), and MERS-CoV (HCoV-EMC/2012), at concentrations of 0.23% to 7.5% with 15- and 60-second exposures, respectively [25,52,53]. Liang et al. characterized the viricidal activity of long-acting povidone-iodine gel formulations in the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in VERO76 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further, no toxicity was observed [54]. Povidone-iodine has also been recommended by UK investigators as nasal spray and mouthwash in health workers to prevent infection of the airways [55].